Untitled Flashcards Set

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath.

Symptoms of MS

Common symptoms include fatigue, numbness, muscle weakness, vision problems, balance difficulties, and cognitive impairment.

Pathophysiology of MS

Involves immune cells infiltrating the CNS, causing inflammation and myelin destruction, leading to axonal damage.

β-Interferons

Immunomodulatory cytokines used as disease-modifying therapies to reduce MS relapses and slow disease progression.

Mechanism of β-Interferons in MS

Modulate immune response, promote anti-inflammatory cytokines, and potentially protect nerve cells.

Rationale for β-Interferons use in MS

To alter the course of MS by reducing inflammatory attacks and slowing disability accumulation.

Hyperthyroidism

A condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland producing excessive thyroid hormones.

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Most commonly caused by Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that stimulates thyroid hormone production.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, and potential eye problems.

Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism

Excessive thyroid hormones increase sympathetic nervous system activity and metabolic processes.

Bell's Palsy

A condition causing sudden facial weakness or paralysis due to dysfunction of the facial nerve.

Causes of Bell's Palsy

Often idiopathic; possibly related to inflammatory or viral infections such as herpes simplex virus.

Symptoms of Bell's Palsy

Rapid onset of facial weakness, making it difficult to smile or raise an eyebrow, also drooping eyelid.

Pathophysiology of Bell's Palsy

Inflammation of the facial nerve leads to disrupted signal transmission to facial muscles.