Bis 2c unit 2

ledford keen

plant cells one

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, plasmodesmata (cell-cell jxn)

Plant cells 2

primary or secondary walls (secondary walls have ligin)

meristem

area where cells keep dividing

types of meristem

apical (sam or ram) and lateral

Dermal tissues

form the epidermis and secrete waxy compounds that protect the plant from desiccation

Vascular tissues

transport water, minerals and sugars, dominant sporophyte with complex, branched

growth

Ground tissues

fill in the inner space of the plant and perform metabolic, support and storage functions.

types of dermal tissue

Guard

cells, trichomes, and root hairs

guard cells

stomata and regulate photosynthesis

trichomes

help capture prey

root hairs

location of water absorption

xylem

water, minerals and support made up of tracheids and vessel elements (lignified dead cells)

phloem

sugars (not lignified/alive)

types of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

types of ground tissue

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma

living, storage & metabolism, thin cell primary cell wall, more inside the cell

Collenchyma

living, flexible support, thick primary cell wall

Sclerenchyma

dead, lignin, stiff support

parts of leaf

Roots have three main parts

1) root apical meristem, 2) root cap, and

3) root hair

root cap

protects the RAM as it grows through the soil

Flowers

combination of reproductive

and non-reproductive whorls

Algae

several early-diverging plant lineages, all of which are aquatic

Glaucophytes

freshwater, unicellular algae that have a layer of

peptidoglycan in their chloroplasts, use chlorophyll a, did primary endosymbiosis

Red Algae

phycoerythrin give them unique color, diverse, marine, multicellular

Eukaryotes life cycle

Diplontic life cycles

multicellular, diploid adult stage (animals)

Haplontic life cycles

Lack a multicellular diploid (2n) stage (algae) and have no embryo. No sporophyte

Land plants

Bryophytes

small and usually live in moist environments. They

lack xylem and phloem, and do not have leaves or roots and have rhizoids (gametophyte dominant)

bryophytes types

liverworts, moss, and hornworts

rhizoids

multicellular extensions of the

gametophyte used for water absorption and anchoring (not roots)

Archegonia

structures that produce eggs

antheridia

structures that produce sperm

Sporopollenin

coats the outside of

spores to reduce water loss

Liverworts

have the smallest sporophytes among Land Plants

Mosses

taller with an elongate, stalked sporophyte (dominant gametophyte)

sporangium

cap of stalked sporophyte in moss

Hornworts

persistently green sporophyte with indeterminate

growth

synapomorphies of vascular plants

branching, independent sporophyte, roots, and tracheids

Roots

anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals, and store the products of photosynthesis

eudicots arrangement of vascular tissue

ordered vascular bundles

monocots arrangement of vascular tissue

scattered vascular bundles

Tracheids

first type of xylem tissue that evolved, they

transport water

Microphylls

leaves that have a single bundle of vascular tissue they evolved from sporangia and are a synapomorphy of lycophyes

Sporangia

spore-producing structures which develop into gametophytes (n) via mitosis

strobilus (cone)

linear cluster of sporangia

Heterospory

modification of the plant life cycle where there are

two sizes of spores. Each size of spore develops into a different

gametophyte

homospory

synaptomorphies of Euphyllophytes

Megaphylls, overtopping growth, and a DNA chloroplast inversion

Megaphylls

highly vascularized leaves and primary organ of photosynthesis

Overtopping

type of growth where there is uneven growth of the stem; it contrasts with the dichotomous branching of lycophytes

order of genes in the chloroplast DNA of Euphyllophytes

flipped

Ferns

largest groups of seedless vascular plants

(12,000 species) with a fossil record that spans 360 million years. Sporophyte dominant

Equisetum (horsetails)

characterized by having a hollow stem with a whorl of reduced leaves. They have woody strobili at their tips

Whisk Ferns (Psilotum)

genus of monilophytes with reduced roots, dichotomous branching, sporangia at nodes, and “microphylls

Seed Plants

make seeds and pollen. Gametophyte is retained on and nourished by the sporophyte

Seed Plants synapomorphies

seeds, pollen, heterospory, 2ndary growth

angiosperms

are haploid and have a 3n nutritive tissue and 2n ovary wall to protect (fruits) and represent 90% of plant diversity and pollination via wind or animals

gymnosperm

contain embryos which germinate under favorable conditions n nutritive tissue and have no ovary wall for protection

seed plants spores

still develop into gametophytes and dont leave parent plants; pollen is in dispersal stage

primary growth

length via meristems

secondary growth

width via lateral meristems

auxin

stimulates growth in Sam

Cytokinin

stimulates growth in Ram

auxin and cytokinin working together

growth in roots increase and so do cytokinin as they are both axillary meristems

Vascular cambian (BVC)

where secondary growth occurs

types of gymnosperms

cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers

microsporangia

pollen cones (produce microspores)

microspores

develop into microgametophytes then disperse via wind

cycads

large, compound leaves and separate male and female plants

Gnetohytes groups

small group only including 3 genera (welwitschia, ephedra, gnetum)

Gnetophytes traits

paired, opposite leaves, vessel elements, double fertilization

Welwitschia

occur in fog deserts, use moisture from fog to stay alive. indeterminate leaves

land plant synapomorphy

waxy cuticle, sphytes, alter of generations, airborne species

alterations of generation

haploid(gametophyte) to diploid (sporophyte) back to haploid (gametophyte)

synaptomorphy of plantae

chloroplast resulting from primary endosymbiosis

green plants

use chlorophyll b, carotenoids and store energy as starch inside chloroplast

Phloem parts

sieve tub elements and companion cells

sieve tubes

lack organelles so companion cells keep them alive

evolution of seed plants for males

male gametophyte (pollen) no longer form antheridium and non-motile nuclei that travel through the pollen tube to reach the egg

evolution of seed plants

gametophyte is retained on and nourished by the

sporophyte. The reduction of the gametophyte is a trend in plant evolution

is double fertilization homologous with angiogperms

No in gnetophytes, endosperm isn’t produced

ginko bilipa

last surviving member of a once more diverse widespread lineage (ginkgoales) and dioecious having motile sperm and produce seeds with a fleshy covering. Divided into 2 lobes

dioecious

separate male and female plants

female ginko biloba

popular in horticulture and fleshy part of seed smells bad

taiga

forms most of the biomass in the Northern Hemisphere. It is dominated by conifer

seronity

adaptation in plants where seeds only released when their is an environmental trigger (ex fire)

endemison

only live in one area in the world

relictual lineage

closest relative is really really far away

Bristlecone pines

re among the oldest living organisms, with some

individuals over 5,000 years old and their pine needles can live

45 years

synapomorphy of angiosperms

flowers, double fertilization,

and vessel elements

2 types of flowers

perfect or imperfect

perfect flowers

have both stamens and carpels

imperfect flowers

have either stamens or carpels

monecious

plant has both male and female

Double fertilization

one sperm cell (n) fertilizes the egg (n)

and a second sperm cell fertilizes the central cell (n+n) resulting in

endosperm (3n)

Fruit

means of seed dispersal. Botanical fruits are not always the same as culinary fruits

Pistil

one or more carpels

carpel

consists of the stigma, style, and ovary