CC2 - Electrolytes (Intro-Bicarbonate) (copy)

Electrolytes

These are ions capable of carrying a positive or negative electric charge

• Cl-

• HCO3

• PO4 3-

Examples of anions:

• Na+

• K+

• Ca2+

• Mg2+

Examples of cations:

• K

• PO4 3+

Examples of intracellular fluid:

• Na+

• Cl-

Examples of extracellular fluid:

• Volume and osmotic regulation

• Myocardial rhythm and contractility

• Neuromuscular excitability

• Cofactors in enzyme activation

• Regulation in ATPase ion pumps

• Acid-Base balance

• Production and use of ATP from glucose

Functions of electrolytes:

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium

Which electrolytes are responsible for volume and osmotic regulation?

Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

Which electrolytes are responsible for both:

• Myocardial rhythm and contractility

• Neuromuscular excitability

Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc

These electrolytes are cofactors in enzyme activation

Magnesium

This electrolyte is for regulation in ATPase ion pumps

Chloride, Potassium, Bicarbonate

These electrolytes are for the acid-base balance

• Diet

• Intestinal absorption

• Renal and skin excretion

• Hormonal activity

Regulating factors for Electrolyte Concentration:

Aldosterone and Sodium

Which electrolytes are responsible for regulating hormonal activity?

Exogenous

In your diet, electrolytes are derived from what source?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

Water can directly affect the concentration of electrolyte level in the body

• Transport nutrients to the cell

• Determines cell volume

• Removes waste products

• Body coolant

Functions of water:

Cytosol

It is the liquid portion of cytoplasm and is basically water

Perspiration

When hyperthermia occurs, there is release of heat from the body through the skin which is called?

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

In passive transport, movement is from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration area to maintain balance or homeostasis.

Osmolality

It is the physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent

(mmol/kg)

Thirst sensation

It is the response to consume more fluids and also prevents water deficit or dehydration

Hypothalamus

It is the organ where thirst sensation is located and be activated that leads to fluid consumption

Arginine Vasopressin Hormone (AVH)

• Formerly known as antidiuretic hormone

• It helps in water retention and it increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Caffeine and alcohol

These can suppress the activity of the ADH, which leads to increased diuresis (act of urination)

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System

What does RAAS stand for?

Renin

It is an enzyme that acts on a substrate which is angiotensinogen that is released from the liver and is converted to Angiotensin 1.

Angiotensin 1

It is the inactive form of angiotensin that was converted from angiotensinogen.

Angiotensin 2

It is the active form of angiotensin

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

It is released from the lungs and is able to catalyze the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2.

• Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels so that the blood pressure is increased.

• Stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which will promote sodium reabsorption or retention in the kidneys.

Angiotensin 2 promotes the following:

Hypovolemic

It means “low plasma volume”

Hypovolemia

It is corrected by the conservation and retention of sodium

Hypotension

It is corrected by the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to increase blood pressure

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

• It is produced by the heart.

• It is a hormone that increases the sodium excretion in the kidneys.

• It will excrete sodium to maintain homeostasis if there are excess amounts of it.

• It has an antagonistic function with aldosterone for sodium reabsorption.

Directly proportional

Glomerular Filtration Rate is what to plasma level?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

Increased plasma sodium will increase urinary sodium excretion

Serum or urine

What is/are the specimen/s used in determination of osmolality and osmolal gap?

Sodium

• Major extracellular cation

• It is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluids.

• It is one of the major contributors of plasma osmolality.

Electroneutrality

It is the balance of charges in and out of the cell

Aldosterone

It is a hormone that will promote reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys

• Hypoadrenalism (low aldosterone)

• Potassium deficiency

• Diuretic use (thiazide)

• Increased water retention

• Water imbalance

Causes of hyponatremia (low sodium):

• Excess water loss

• Decreased water intake

• Increased intake or retention

Causes of hypernatremia (high sodium):

Yellow

In FES, what is the color of sodium when it returns to ground state after excitation?

Ion-selective electrode (ISE)

It is the reference method for Sodium

Albanese Lein

It is the colorimetric determination used for determination of sodium

Potassium

• a.k.a Kalium

• Major intracellular cation

• The most abundant cation inside the cell

• For regulation of neuromuscular excitability and contraction of heart, ICF volume, H+ concentration.

Muscle weakness

Increase K+, increase cell excitability

Arrhythmia or paralysis

Decrease K+, decrease cell excitability

• Flexing the arm of the patient

• Fist quenching

• Hemolysis

• Prolonged tourniquet application

Factors which will falsely elevate potassium in plasma:

Purple

Color of potassium in Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

Valinomycin

It is an antibiotic which has high affinity with K+ that leads to high specificity

Lockhead and Purcell

It is the colorimetric method for Potassium

Chloride

• It is the major extracellular anion

• This, along with Sodium, can be excreted through the skin via perspiration

Chloride shift

To maintain electroneutrality, chloride diffuses into the cell, which is known as the?

Chloride and Bicarbonate

Electrolytes that are involved in maintaining negative charge in and out of the cell

Marked hemolysis (dilution)

Specimen used for Chloride can falsely decrease with?

Amperometric-Coulometric (Cotlove-Chloridometer)

It is used to measure sweat chloride

Cystic fibrosis

Sweat chloride measurement is used to determine this condition using sweat as specimen.

Pilocarpine

It is a sweat-inducing drug, but patient must be hydrated upon giving this

Schales and Schales

The colorimetric method for Chloride

S-diphenylcarbazone

Indicator for Schales and Schales

Bicarbonate

• It is the 2nd most abundant anion in the ECF

• It is also the major component of the buffering system of the blood

Carbonic acid

Bicarbonate combines with excess acid to produce?