ABPSYCH Reviewer

Special Needs

a term used to describe individuals who require assistance for disabilities that may be medical, mental, or psychological.

Persons with Disabilities (PWD)

a person who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment.

Disability

A condition that damages or limits a person’s physical or mental abilities and unable to do things in the normal way.

Republic Act No. 7277

‘’An Act Providing for the Rehabilitation, Self- Development And Self-Reliance Of Disabled Persons And Their Integration Into the Mainstream of Society And for Other Purposes.’’

SERVICES:

Academic Consultation

Social Skills Training

Self- Enhancement Skills

Classroom Management Training

Parent Training Services

Student Management Team

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Intellectual Developmental Disorder

A disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Intellectual Disability

children may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to walk later than other children, or they may learn to talk later

Intellectual Disability Symptoms

▪Difficulty learning social rules

▪ Difficulty with problem solving skills

▪ Delays in the development of adaptive

behaviors such as self-help or self-care

skills

▪ Lack of social inhibitors

COMMUNICATION DISORDER TYPES

▪ Stuttering

▪Expressive Language Disorder

▪Selective Mutism

▪Tic Disorder

Stuttering

disturbance in speech fluency /repeating words, prolonging sounds, extended pauses (psychological/pharmacological)

Expressive Language Disorders

Limited speech in all situations (self-correcting)

Selective Mutism

Failure to speak in specific situation

Tic Disorders

Involuntary motor movements

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.

Autism/Autistic Savantism

form of autism where a child can display outstanding skills.

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing level of inattention, disorganization, and/ or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

ADHD

considered to be “externalizing disorders”,

Developmental Coordination Disorder

manifested by clumsiness and slowness or inaccuracy of performance of motor skills

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

repetitive, and apparently purposeless behavior

Motor Disorders

• Developmental Coordination Disorder

• Stereotypic Movement Disorder

• Tic Disorder

SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER

individual’s inability to perceive or process information

Dyslexia

Impairment in reading

Dyscalculia

Impairment in Mathematics or Numbers

Anorexia Nervosa

life threatening eating disorder characterized by severe weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image.

Anorexia

loss of appetite

Nervosa

due to emotional reasons

DSM-5 Criteria

1. refusal to maintain body weight

2. Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat

3. Distorted body image

4. Amenorrhea (loss of menstrual period)

TWO TYPES OF EATING DISORDER

1. Restricting type

2. Binge-eating/Purging Type

Restricting Type

severely limiting food intake

Binge-eating/Purging Type

exhibit more personality disorders, impulsive behaviors, stealing, suicide attempts

PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR ANOREXIA NERVOSA

1. blood pressure falls

2. heart rate slows

3. kidney and gastrointestinal problems

4. bone mass declines

6. skin dries out

7. nails become brittle

8. hormone levels change

9. mild anemia may occur

PROGNOSIS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA

About 70 percent of people with anorexia

eventually recover.

• Recovery often takes 6 or 7 years, and

relapses are common before a stable pattern

of eating and weight maintenance is

achieved.

• Death rates are 10 times higher as compare to

the general population and twice as high as

among to people with psychological

disorders.

Bulimia Nervosa

begins in late adolescence

may co-occur with depression

Bulimia Nervosa

meaning “ox hunger”

DSM-5 Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa

1. Recurrent episodes of binge-eating.

2. Recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent

   weight gain, for example, vomiting.

3. Body shape and weight are extremely important

   for self-evaluation.

PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR BULIMIA NERVOSA

1. menstrual irregularities

2. potassium depletion

3. induces diarrhea

4. heartbeat irregularities

5. tearing of tissue (stomach & throat)

6. swollen salivary glands

PROGNOSIS FOR BULIMIA NERVOSA

• Long-term follow-ups of people with bulimia

nervosa reveal that about 70 percent

recover, although about 10 percent remain

fully symptomatic.

• People with bulimia nervosa who binge and

vomit more, and have comorbid substance

abuse or a history of depression, have a

poorer prognosis than people without these

factors.

Binge-eating Disorder

• Recurrent binges(2 times a week for at least

6 months)

• Lack of control during bingeing episode

• Distress about bingeing

• Rapid eating and eating alone

• Often referred to as obese – a person with a

BMI of greater than 30

Binge-eating

Rapid eating

Obese

a person with a BMI of greater than 30

Genetic Factors

eating disorders can be influence by genetic; it runs in the family. Serotonin may play a role in bulimia and mixed in anorexia.

Neurobiological Factors

abnormal level of cortisol. The intense fear of becoming fat.

Psychodynamic Theories

focus merely on disturbed parent-child relationships and personality characteristics.

Cognitive Behavioral Theories

focus on body dissatisfaction and preoccupation with thinness.

Sociocultural Factors

society’s preoccupation with thinness may play a role in eating disorders.