OMIS 34

Computer Waste

Errors or misuse that decrease productivity or waste resources

Computer Mistakes

Human errors in input, processing, or procedures leading to incorrect results

Social Engineering

Manipulating people into giving confidential information by exploiting trust

Dumpster Diving

Searching through trash to find sensitive data like passwords or account numbers

Cyberterrorism

Technology-based attacks intended to casue harm, fear, or major disruption 

Identity Theft

Stealing someone’s personal information to impersonate them for fraud

Phishing

Fake email or messages designed to trick users into revealing sensitive info

Hacker

A skilled computer user who gains access to systems; can be ethical or unethical

Cracker 

A malicious hacker who breaks into systems to cause damage or steal data 

Virus

Malicious software that attaches to files and spreads when those files open

Worm

Self-replicating malware that spreads across networks without user action

Malware

Any harmful software designed to damage or infiltrate computer systems

Antivirus Program

Software that detects, prevents, and removes malware 

Sniffer

Tool that captures network traffic; use for troubleshooting or hacking

Piracy

Illegal copying, distribution, or use of copyrighted software

Biometrics

Authentication using physical traits like fingerprints or facial recoginition

Managed Security Service Provider

Third-party company that monitors and manages an organization’s security systems 

Privacy at Work

Employer monitoring of employee computer, email, and internet usage

Internet Privacy

Protection of personal data collected through online activity

Fairness

Ethical requirement to handle user data transparently and responsibly S

State Privacy Laws 

Regulations governing collection and use of personal data in a specific state

Corporate Privacy Policies

Internal rules for protecting customer and employee information

RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury)

Injury caused by repeated motion like typing C

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Wrist nerve condition caused by repetitive movements and poor ergonomics

Ergonomics 

Designing a workspace to improve comfort, safety, and health 

Business to consumer (B2C)

Businesses selling products directly to individual consumers online

Business to Business (B2B)

Businesses selling products/services to other businesses

Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

Consumers selling directly to other consumers using a marketplace platform 

Demand Planning

Predicting customer demand to guide production and inventory

Supply Planning

Arranging materials and resources to meet expected demand

Demand Fulfillment

Delivering products to customers accurately and efficiently

Retail & Wholesale E-Commerce 

Online selling of goods directly or in bulk 

Manufacturing E-Commerce

Using online systems to coordinate supply chains and production

Marketing E-Commerce

Online advertising and customer engagement

Finance E-Commerce

Digital banking, payments, investing, and financial services 

Hardware (E-Commerce Infrastructure)

Physical equipment that supports online business operations

Web Server Software

Programs that send/receive web pages, handle security, and track visitors

E-Commerce Software

Tools for managing product catalogs, shopping carts, and configuration

Transaction Processing Software 

Handles payments, orders, web tracking, and customer data

Electronic Cash

Digital form of currency used for online payments

Electronic Wallet

Stores payment information for quick and secure checkout (apple pay)

Smart Card

Plastic Card containing a microchip for secure transactions

Digital Certificate 

Digital document verifying identity for secure online communication 

Theft of Intellectual Property

Unauthorized use of someone’s copyrighted digital content

Fraud (Phishing & Spam)

Tricking users or sending unwanted message to steal data or money

Clickstream Data

User browsing behavior collected by websites to analyze or target ads

Building Web Presence 

Creating and maintaining an effective online business website 

M-Commerce

Mobile commerce conducted on smartphones and apps

Amazon Go Model

Checkout-free stores using sensors and automation

Communication System

Process of transmitting signals between a sender and receiver through a medium

Synchronous Communication 

Real-time communication where both parties interact at the same moment 

Asynchronous Communication

Communication where messages are sent and received at different times

Telecommunications

Electronic transmission of signals such as voice, data, or video

Data Communications

Movement of data between computer devices using telecom technology

Telecommunication Device

Hardware that converts, transmits, and receives signals 

Transmission Medium

Physical or wireless path that carries electronic signals

Bits per Second (bps)

Unit measuring how fast data is transmitted

Simplex Channel

Transmits data in one direction only

Half Duplex Channel

Transmits data in both directions, but not at the same time 

Full Duplex Channel

Transmits data in both directions simultaneously

Twisted Pair Cable

Copper wires twisted together to reduce interference; widely used

Coaxial Cable

cable with shielding that supports high-frequency signals

Fiber Optic Cable 

Glass fibers transmitting data as light; high speed and long distance 

Wireless Media

Transmit data through air via radio, microwave, or infrared waves

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Small network for one person, usually within a few feet

Local Area Network (LAN)

Network connecting devices in a building or small area

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

City-wide network connecting multiple buildings or campuses 

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Large network spanning states, countries, or globally

Bus Topology

All devices connect to one central cable; easy but prone to slowdowns

Star Topology

All devices connect to a central hub; easy to manage but hub is a failure point

Ring Topology 

Devices connect in a circle, passing data around the ring 

Hybrid Topology

Combination of other topologies to meet organizational needs

Wireless Topology

Devices communicate through wireless access points

Terminal to Host Network

Central computer handles most processing tasks

File Server Network 

Server stores files while clients do the processing 

Client Server Network

Clients request services and servers provide them; most common model

Centralized Processing

Single central computer performs all tasks

Decentralized Processing

Multiple independent computers handle seperate tasks 

Distributed Processing 

Multiple connected computers share tasks 

ARPANET

1st network that eventually became the modern internet

TCP/IP

Main protocol controlling how data is sent, routed, and received on networks

HTML

Language used to create and format web pages

XML 

Markup language is used to structure, store, and transport data 

Web Browser

Software used to access and display web pages

Search Engine

Tool that finds information on the internet using keywords

Applet

Small application designed to run within a larger program (like a browser)

URL 

Unique address of a webpage on the internet 

WWW (world wide web)

Collection of web pages accessible through the internet

Intranet

Private internal network for employees

Extranet

Private network extended to outside partners

Internet 

Global public network connecting millions of devices 

Cookies

Small files websites use to store user data and preferences

Cryptography

Techniques for securing information using codes

Encryption

Converting data into unreadable from to protect it

Decryption 

Converting encrypted data back to readable form 

Digital Signature

Electronic validation proving the authenticity of a message or document