HI101 TEE

Colonial Militia

Who: Colonial MilitiaWhat: They were a group of individuals tasked with defending the American Colonies from Native AmericansWhere: American ColoniesWhen: 18th CenturyWhy: They were the beginnings of establishing an Army

Braddock's Defeat

Who: Maj. General Edward BraddockWhat: It was a failed British Military Expedition, attempting to capture a French fortWhere: American ColoniesWhen: 1755 during French and Indian WarWhy: Major setback for the British; Taught the British that they could employ colonial troops and Indian Allies to defeat the French

George Washington

Who: George WashingtonWhat: Originally Part of Virginia Militia, Served under Braddock, eventually became the Commander and Chief of the Revolution and President of USAWhere: American ColoniesWhen: 1732-1799Why: Critical figure who established the Army, discipline, won Revolutionary War, etc.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Who: Bunker Hill BattleWhat: British won but Americans put up a fightWhere: BostonWhen: 1775Why: This event was the first battle that waged American Independence; Americans show that they can put up a fight against the British

Continental Army

Who: The Continental ArmyWhat: Troops that formed the first official Army for the American ColonistsWhere: American ColoniesWhen: 1775Why: This was the first attempt at defense for American Freedom from the British; very diverse

New York Campaign

Who: British WWhat: British W; Start of Revolutionary warWhere: New York and New JerseyWhen: 1776-1777Why: British W; Start of Revolutionary war

Battles of Trenton/Princeton

Who: Washington and Continental ArmyWhat: small but pivotal battle after Washington crossed the Delaware riverWhere: New JerseyWhen: 1776Why: Boosted the Continental Army's waning moral and inspired re-enlistment

Battle of Saratoga

Who: Continental ArmyWhat: Marked the climax of the Saratoga Campaign during the Revolutionary War; Gave the Americans a victory over the BritishWhere: New YorkWhen: 1777Why: Marked a turning point in the American Revolution; Major morale boost, brought French into the war to fight alongside Americans

British Southern Strategy

Who: the British MilitaryWhat: British concentrating forces in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and VirginiaWhere: Southern American ColoniesWhen: 1780-1782Why: They did this because they thought the south was full of loyalists, and would join with British

Siege of Yorktown

Who: Washington and CornwallisWhat: Washington leads victory against British assisted by FrenchWhere: Yorktown, VirginiaWhen: 1781Why: This was the final battle of the American Revolution

Continental Army Mutinies

Who: Army SoldiersWhat: A rebellion of Continental Army Soldiers who demanded higher wages and better living conditionsWhere: USAWhen: During Revolutionary War (1776-1781)Why: ended with negotiated settlement, most successful and important insurrection of continental soldiers

Newburgh Conspiracy

Who: Continental ArmyWhat: a failed threat by leaders of the continental army to overthrow the governmentWhere: USAWhen: 1783Why: Ranking officials weren't being paid enough so they were going to overthrow the government; Washing shuts this down

St. Clair's Defeat

Who: Native Americans vs AmericansWhat: St. Clair goes down to Florida with Militia and gets rocked by IndiansWhere: Northwest TerritoryWhen: 1791Why: Was switched from militia to regular army

Legion of the United States

Who: General Anthony WayneWhat: A reorganization of the Continental ArmyWhere: USWhen: 1792-1796Why: Used after the Continental Army was disbanded, used for defense after Revolution

Louisiana Purchase

Who: Bought from the FrenchWhat: Large lot of territory of Louisiana bought by the USWhere: Western USWhen: 1803Why: US army mission shifting toward expansion

United States Military Academy

Who: Designed by Kościuszko originally as a fortWhat: Eventually became a school to commission US OfficersWhere: New YorkWhen: 1802Why: Still around today, GO ARMY BEAT NAVY

Winfield Scott

Who: General Winfield ScottWhat: Leader in the war of 1812, W in Mexican American war, Anaconda Plan, Union W in Civil WarWhere: USWhen: Served 53 yearsWhy: Most known for the Mexican American war Victory

Andrew Jackson

Who: General Andrew JacksonWhat: Famous for presidency, military heroWhere: USWhen: 1767-1845Why: Signed indian removal act, switched the army mission to expansion

Niagara Campaign

Who: British vs USWhat: US attempt to invade Canada and take from the BritishWhere: Niagara near New York Canada BorderWhen: 1814Why: Final campaign in War of 1812, more expansion from US Army

Battle of New Orleans

Who: Major General Pakenham and Andrew JacksonWhat: Big Victory for Andrew Jackson at the end of the 1812 war that made him a war heroWhere: New OrleansWhen: 1815Why: Lead to Andrew Jackson becoming the President, and Westward expansion

New Nationalism

Who: American PeopleWhat: After War of 1812, more nationalism for American people (i.e. Star Spangle Banner)Where: USWhen: 1821Why: Army mission was to expand westward because Americans should live on this land

General Survey Act

Who: CongressWhat: made the Army start doing civil improvement projects like making routes to transport (via roads and canals)Where: USWhen: 1824Why: Mission was US expansion, and Army's job was to map out routes, future roads, etc.

Indian Removal

Who: IndiansWhat: forced displacement of self-governed tribes out of their land westWhere: West of the Mississippi riverWhen: 1830sWhy: Army didn't really agree with it but they did it anyway

Zachary Taylor

Who: Army General and President of USWhat: Famous for first part of Mexican American War victory; W in War of 1812Where: USWhen: 1784-1850Why: Famous for Mexican American War victory, W in War of 1812

Battle of Buena Vista

Who: Lead by General Zachary TaylorWhat: Battle in the Mexican-American WarWhere: MexicoWhen: 1847Why: Added the use of artillery to repulse larger Mexican Army

Winfield Scott's Mexico City Campaign

Who: General Winfield ScottWhat: occupied Mexico City while US negotiatesWhere: Mexico CityWhen: 1847-1848Why: Occupied Mexico City while US negotiates with Mexico

"Bleeding Kansas"

Who: Civil riotsWhat: Popular sovereignty so people were killing each other in order to influence votingWhen: 1854-1859Why: Pushed the north and south apart, Army put down riots in Kansas

Ulysses S. Grant

Who: Union GeneralWhat: Great general in Civil war; becomes president; helps out in reconstructionWhere: USWhen: Served 1869-1877Why: Didn't really change army

Forts Henry and Donelson

Who: Fort in Civil WarWhat: Battle at this fort fought by GrantWhere: TenesseeWhen: 1862Why: First Union win in the Civil War; Helped put Grant on the map

Battle of Antietam

Who: Civil War BattleWhat: Bloodiest battle in the civil warWhere: VirginiaWhen: 1862Why: After this battle, the Emancipation Proclamation was declared

Battle of Gettysburg

Who: Civil War BattleWhat: Civil War BattleWhere: PennsylvaniaWhen: 1863Why: Turning point in the war where General Lee fails to invade the North

United States Colored Troops (USCT)

Who: Regiments of US Army composed of African American soldiersWhat: Regiments of US Army composed of African American soldiersWhere: Mostly regiments in the northWhen: 1865Why: Integration of African Americans into Army, change in composition

William T. Sherman

Who: General in Union ArmyWhat: Shermans march to the sea - basically just commits hard war across the southWhere: Southern USAWhen: 1820-1891Why: Helped lay destruction to the south, influential to winning the war

"hard war"

Who: General Hunter and General SheridanWhat: Systematic and widespread destruction of Confederate civilian propertyWhere: South USWhen: 1861-1865Why: This showed the mission was to end the war by whatever means necessary

"Lost Cause"

Who: Robert E. LeeWhat: Movement that wanted to convey that South was fighting for a noble cause, destined to loseWhere: USAWhen: 1861-1865Why: Shows the moral of the country, as they were defeated in the end only by superior numbers and resources

Freedmen's Bureau

Who: Agency in the south assisting freedmenWhat: Agency in the south assisting freedmenWhere: In the SouthWhen: Early ReconstructionWhy: This agency was part of the US Department of War, which makes it Army Civilian relations

Ex parte Milligan

Who: US CongressWhat: military tribunal couldn't try civiliansWhere: US CongressWhen: 1866Why: racist southerns couldn't be tried in military courts

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Who: Law for USAWhat: Tried to bring the South back into the Union and help the freed slavesWhere: Southern USAWhen: 1867Why: Made the army have to enforce laws in the south and be a police force there

John Logan

Who: Senator liked the militiaWhat: Civil war volunteer; Critic of the regular armyWhere: CongressWhen: 1826-1886Why: Tried to limit size of regular army

Three Enforcement Acts and the KKK

Who: Affected African AmericansWhat: Protested African American rights in southWhere: Southern USWhen: 1870-1871Why: Allows Army to protect African Americans

Philip H. Sheridan

Who: Union GeneralWhat: Served with Winfield Scott HandcockWhere: 1831-1888When: USWhy: Influential figure during reconstruction, Indian wars, Westward expansion and Yellowstone

Emory Upton

Who: Col. Emory UptonWhat: Argued for stronger standing ArmyWhere: publicationsWhen 1878-1904Why: created a case for strong regular military force, consisting of regular officers, and volunteers should serve under regulars, argued for strong standing army similar to Prussian model

posse comitatus

Who: US Federal LawWhat: the power of the federal government to use federal military personnel to enforce domestic policiesWhere: USAWhen: 1878Why: The idea was that the Army could aid federal marshals in deterring domestic violence and guarding federal property in Chicago

Burnside Report

Who: Maj. Gen. BurnsideWhat: Reduction of number of Generals and officers, fewer regiments, and more consolidated ArmyWhere: US CongressWhen: 1878Why: Reduced the size of the army, made new regulations

Dependent Pension Act of 1890

Who: US CongressWhat: All civil war vets get pensionsWhere: USAWhen: 1890Why: Creation of Pensions in Army

Wounded Knee

Who: Americans and Native AmericansWhat: Americans Massacring IndiansWhere: Northwestern TerritoriesWhen: 1890sWhy: as a result of Custards Last Stand, helped build civilian moral around expansion of territory

Pullman Railroad Strike

Who: Army and Natty GuardWhat: Army puts down the railroad strike with the National Guard because they weren't being paidWhen: 1894Where: ChicagoWhy: Not good for relations between Army and People as Army was literally shooting people to put down riot

Spanish-American War

Who: Americans, Cuba, USS MaineWhat: a period of conflict between Americans and SpainWhere: CubaWhen: 1898Why: US gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam etc. and US is recognized as a world power; Army didn't do so hot, Navy crushed it

Elihu Root

Who: Secretary of WarWhat: Lawyer put in charge of U.S. Foreign Affairs; Created Root ReformsWhere: Philippines and USWhen: 1899Why: Created Root Reforms

Philippine Scouts

Who: US ArmyWhat: US has Philippino Scouts go into Philippines to kill insurgencyWhere: US Army Philippine DepartmentWhen: Started 1901Why: Started force projection war tactics

China Relief Expedition

Who: US and European NationalsWhat: US and other European powers try and secure trade through ChinaWhere: ChinaWhen: 1898 to 1901Why: First time in US history that US worked with foreign powers

Root Reforms (General Staff, War College, Dick Act)

Who: US ArmyWhat: US foreign ideals saw vast changes in the fabric of the ArmyWhere: GlobalWhen: 1899Why: Created the General Staff, Chief of Staff, War College, Expanded army globally

Punitive Expedition to Mexico (1916)

Who: US GovernmentWhat: Chased Pancho Villa (leader of Mexico) to MexicoWhere: MexicoWhen: 1916Why: US Force projection in Mexico

Selective Service

Who: Men between 18 and 64What: Required to register for Selective ServiceWhere: USWhen: 1917Why: Gave the Army the power to conscript men for military Service (draft)

Services of Supply

Who: AEFWhat: Support chain of AEF during WWIWhere: EuropeWhen: 1919Why: Allowed for the rapid supply of resources, extended Army's bases in Europe, huge undertaking

AEF General Staff

Who: PershingWhat: A bunch of generals that were in charge during WWIWhere: EuropeWhen: 1917Why: Organization of the army during WWI

Amalgamation

Who: American SolidersWhat: Inserted and fought with other armies (like French and British)Where: EuropeWhen: WWIWhy: Aid the Army of other countries like France and British, Pershing and Wilson were against it

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Who: AlliesWhat: Final major offense of WWI and bloodiest operation of WWIWhere: EuropeWhen: WWIWhy: Allied Victory

Houston Riots

Who: US Black SoldiersWhat: Race Riot partially because of draft and national tensionsWhere: Houston, TexasWhen: 1917Why: Army defends black soldiers, change in social structure of the Army

Demobilization

Who: US CongressWhat: Trying to demobilize army after WWI, inefficient and took a whileWhere: N/AWhen: 1920sWhy: Change in composition of the army

Bolshevism

Who: RussiansWhat: Become Communist after WWIWhere: RussiaWhen: After WWI - 1920sWhy: Here becomes a new adversary

National Defense Act of 1920

Who: US ArmyWhat: Created Regular Army, Natty Guard, and Organized ReserveWhere: N/AWhen: 1920Why: Changed the Structure of the Army

Army Air Corps

Who: US ArmyWhat: New branchWhere: N/AWhen: 1926-1941Why: Eventually lead to the creation of the Air Force, Change in composition of the Army

Triangular Division

Who: US ArmyWhat: Changed the main body of a division to three regimental elementsWhere: EuropeWhen: WWIWhy: Changed the composition of the Army

Industrial Mobilization Plan of 1930

Who: EisenhowerWhat: transitions factories and companies into industries for Army, makes economy efficient during wartimeWhere: USWhen: 1930Why: Unified US Army and Civilians toward a common cause

Louisiana Maneuvers

Who: US ArmyWhat: Training conducted to simulate and prepare troops for WWIIWhere: Louisiana AreaWhen: 1941Why: Helped prepare soldiers and allowed them to make unscripted decisions

George C. Marshall

Who: George C. MarshallWhat: During WWII he coordinated Allied operations in Europe, Marshall PlanWhere: EuropeWhen: 1880-1960Why: Key to victory during WWII

Pearl Harbor

Who: JapaneseWhat: Bombed the Airplanes in Hawaii to destroy the American's ability to fly across the PacificWhere: HawaiiWhen: 1941Why: Was unsuccessful because of poor recon (Airplanes were not present) and rallied Americans and Civilians toward common cause

Victory Program

Who: Created by George C. MarshallWhat: Plan for how the US would enter WWII, thought USSR was going to loseWhere: EuropeWhen: 1941Why: Recruitment wayyy up, Change in composition of the Army

"Germany First"

Who: Allied forcesWhat: The Allied forces would subdue Germany first, then deal with Japan and ItalyWhere: GermanyWhen: 1940sWhy: This where the Nazis were getting their resources from, ultimately highly successful

Operation Torch

Who: Nazis and USWhat: Invasion of North Africa during WWII, part of 3 pronged attackWhere: AfricaWhen: 1942Why: First time US troops saw action against the Nazis, allowed US to push up from Africa to Europe

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Who: Dwight D. EisenhowerWhat: Supreme Commander during WWII and later PresidentWhere: USWhen: 1890-1961Why: Key to the winning of WWII

Combined Bomber Offensive

Who: US and BritishWhat: US would bomb during the morning and British would bomb during the nightWhere: GermanyWhen: 1943Why: Kept the British from rebuilding and saving their cities

George S. Patton

Who: George S. PattonWhat: Big tank generalWhere: NormandyWhen: 1944Why: Commander of the invasion of Normandy

Normandy Campaign

Who: N/AWhat: Battle of NormandyWhere: Allies invaded GermanyWhen: 1944Why: Success, ended WWII

Red Ball Express

Who: US Army LogisticsWhat: Truck convoy systemWhere: EuropeWhen: 1944 and onWhy: Supplied Allied forces after Normandy

Battle of the Bulge

Who: Allies vs GermanyWhat: Last major German offensiveWhere: GermanyWhen: 1945Why: Allied forces almost lost, but prevailed, defeating Germany

"Twin Drives" (Southwest Pacific and Central Pacific)

Who: USWhat: Drives from south and central pacific to keep out of show down battle with JapanWhere: JapanWhen: 1940sWhy: South and central pacific islands

Operation Cartwheel

Who: Allies vs JapaneseWhat: Encircle and neutralize Japanese StrongholdWhere: JapanWhen: 1943Why: Allowed for planes to fly by and bomb Japan

Philippines Campaign

Who: USWhat: Go into Philippines and set up basesWhere: PhilippinesWhen: 1944Why: To store and fly planes to bomb Japan

Battle of Okinawa

Who: US vs JapaneseWhat: Bloodiest battle in the pacificWhere: Where south and central drives converged in JapanWhen: 1945Why: One of the last battles of WWII

Burma Road

Who: JapaneseWhat: Took supply route to ChinaWhere: ChinaWhen: 1942Why: US makes new roads to get supplies to Chinese Army to fight Japan

Atomic Bomb

Who: USWhat: used the A bomb on JapanWhere: JapanWhen: 1945Why: Lead to the surrender of Japan

National Security Act of 1947

Who: US CongressWhat: Creates the Air Force, Sec of Defense and CIAWhere: N/AWhen: 1947Why: Change in composition of the military

Universal Military Training

Who: US ArmyWhat: training civilians and contracting civiliansWhere: N/AWhen: 1951Why: Change in composition of the military

NATO

Who: NATOWhat: Founded after WWII, Response to Soviet UnionWhere: N/AWhen: 1949Why: Became the greatest alliance of all time that kept the Soviet Union in check, change in army relation with society

Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)

Who: USWhat: sent advisors to friendly countries for military aidWhere: Most famous in VietnamWhen: 1950s and onWhy: Change in army relationship with society

United Nations Command (UNC)

Who: United Nations CommandWhat: UN in Korean war, still around today to maintain peaceWhere: Most famous in KoreaWhen: 1950sWhy: change in army relationship with society

Chinese Intervention

Who: UNWhat: gets close to China and China pushes UN back, creating North and South KoreaWhere: North and South KoreaWhen: 1950sWhy: created new adversary

Matthew B. Ridgeway

Who: Matthew B. RidgewayWhat: Big in Korea, helped turn the tide in favor of UNWhere: KoreaWhen: 1950sWhy: Key to Korean War

James A. Van Fleet

Who: James A. Van FleetWhat: Big in Korea, commander of UN forces in Korean WarWhere: KoreaWhen: 1950sWhy: Key to Korean War

New Look

Who: EisenhowerWhat: Policy that used nukes to deter threat of Soviets, PREVENT THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISMWhere: WorldwideWhen: 1953Why: change in Army mission

Forward Defense

Who: USWhat: Trying to prevent communism spread by securing other countriesWhere: South VietnamWhen: 1950sWhy: Change in mission

Pentomic Division

Who: US ArmyWhat: Restructure with the addition of nukesWhere: N/AWhen: 1956-1962Why: Change in Army composition

Flexible Response

Who: JFKWhat: Idea that the nation must be ready for everything, so president could select from nonmilitary options as well as militaryWhere: N/AWhen: 1967Why: Used to help JFK deal with Communism in other countries

New Management System Reorganization Objectives Army Division (ROAD)

Who: US ArmyWhat: Increased firepower by creating the mechanized divisionWhere: N/AWhen: 1960sWhy: Change in composition of the Army

Civil Disorders and Disturbances

Who: ArmyWhat: Called to deal with racial riotsWhere: N/AWhen: 1950s and 60sWhy: Army used on its own civilians

Special Forces Group

Who: KennedyWhat: Created to provide US with unconventional warfare unit doing commando and intel opsWhere: N/AWhen: 1952Why: Established another way for US to conduct special ops

Military Assistance Command - Vietnam

Who: US Military Assistance Command, VietnamWhat: Joint service command created to manage VietnamWhere: US and VietnamWhen: 1962Why: Used to provide military assistance to South Vietnam

Strategic Hamlet Program

Who: US ArmyWhat: Used to combat communist insurgency by pacifying the countryside and reducing the influence of the commiesWhere: South VietnamWhen: 1962Why: Unsuccessful Op