C3.1 Integration of body systems

C3.1.1 System integration

C3.1.2 Cells, tissues organs and body systems as hierarchy of subsystems integrated in multicellular living organism

• Distinguish roles of nervous system and endocrine system in signalling

Using examples, emphasise role of blood system in transporting material b/w organs

C3.1.3 Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signalling and by transport of materials and energy

C3.1.4 Brain as central info integration organ

*Limit to role of brain in processing info combined from several inputs, in learning and memory

C3.1.5 Spinal cord: integrating centre for unconscious processes

Distinguish between conscious and unconscious processes

**C3.1.6 Input to spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres through sensory neurons

**C3.1.7 Output from cerebral hemispheres to muscles through motor neurons

C3.1.8 Nerves: bundles of nerve fibres of both sensory and motor neurons

C3.1.9 Pain reflex arcs as an example of involuntary responses with skeletal muscle as effector

*essay qn: get the key words

* Example: pain reflex arc of hot object

C3.1.10 Role of cerebellum in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance

C3.1.11 Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as part of circadian rhythms

• Mcq graph

C3.1.12 Epinephrine secretion by adrenal gland to prepare body for vigorous activity

Memorise the various effects

C3.1.13 Control of endocrine system by hypothalamus and pituitary gland

*don’t have to know diff between posterior and anterior

**C3.1.14 Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

**C3.1.15 Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors

**C3.1.16 Control of peristalsis in digestive system by CNS and enteric nervous system (ENS)

C3.1.17 Observation of trophic responses in seedlings

C3.1.18 Positive phototropism as directional growth response to lateral light in plant shoots

C3.1.19 Phytohormones as signalling chemicals controlling growth, development and response to stimuli in plants 

• Most impt: auxin in plant elongation

• (Unlikely to come out)

C3.1.20 Auxin efflux carriers as example of maintaining conc gradient of phytohormones

C3.1.21 Promotion of cell growth by auxin

C3.1.22 Interactions between auxin and cytokinin as means of regulating root and shoot growth

C3.1.23 Positive feedback in food ripening and ethene production