Spread of Islam and Islamic Culture Unit 5 Topic 2

Umayyad Dynasty

Succeeded by the Abbasid Empire; major Islamic caliphate that expanded territories.

Abbasids

Dynasty that moved the capital to Baghdad; known for advancements in math and science.

Baghdad

New capital established by the Abbasids, becoming a center for learning and culture.

Scientific Observation

A method of inquiry emphasized by the Abbasids, leading to advancements in mathematics and astronomy.

Algebra

A branch of mathematics created during the Abbasid period.

Arabic Numerals

Numbering system including 0 and numbers like I, IV, XXIII; crucial for mathematics.

Calligraphy

The art of beautiful handwriting, significant in Islamic art and culture.

Seljuk Turks

Group that conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire and Persia; key players in Anatolia.

Vizier

Top advisor in the Seljuk governance system, usually of Persian origin.

Shah

Title used for Seljuk rulers, derived from the Persian word for king.

Mongol Invasion

Military event in 1258 that led to the defeat of the Seljuk Turks.

Ghazis

Warriors for Islam, notably among the Turkish Empires.

Osman

Most successful ghazi, founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Ottomans

Followers of Osman and founders of a vast empire, known for military innovations.

Constantinople to Istanbul

Renaming of the city after Ottoman conquest; significant cultural center.

Safavids

Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia; modeled after the Ottomans.

Isfahan

Capital city of the Safavid Empire; known for trade, art, and culture.

Abdication

The act of a monarch resigning or stepping down from the throne.