historical waves of immigration to us and great migration

in 2023, # people or % of the total us population were foreign born

47.8 mill; 14.3%

historical high of immigrnat population is % in (yr) when US had only # people

14.8%; 1890; 64 mill

IRCA refer to what

immigration reform and control act of 1986

name the 4 major immigration waves and what region of the world the immigrants came from

1) frontier expansion: northern and western europe

2) industrialization: southern and eastern europe

3) immigration pause: western europe

4) post-1965 immigration: Asia and latin america

in the 19th century, more than # European immigrants came to the US in search of better lives

50 mill

between (yr) and (date) approximately # immigrants, mostly arriving from Europe, entered the US through (place)

1892-nov 12, 1954; 12 mill; Ellis island

in 1907 alone, over # immigrants were accepted into the country at Ellis island

1.25 mill

today approximatley % of Americans or around # people can trace at least one ancestor to an arrival at Ellis island

40%; 100 mill

immigration processing station on Ellis island officially closed in

1954

two symbols of immigration

ellis island and statue of liberty

statue of liberty is on what island

liberty island in new York harbor

ellis island an dstatue of liberty are now national monuments which is managed by

us national park service (NPS)

ellis island national museum of immigration features what 2 things

exhbit Abt American immigration history; American immigrant wall of honor

american immigrant wall of honor has how many names etched into (material)

1 mill in stainless steel

datatbase of arrival records has how many from what yrs

65 mill; 1892-1957

where is the database and who is it operated by

american family immigration history center; nonprofit statue of liberty-ellis island foundation with NPS (national park service)

between what two years did around a quarter mill European immigrants come to he us

1783-1815

after (yr), Congress tried to better control immigration due to concerns about (2 reasons)

1819; economic depression and that Britain would ship their poor to the struggling US

1819, US govt limited carrying capacity of passenger ships based on their (blank) which increased (blank) limiting the influx of (blank)

tonnage, traveling costs, poor immigrnats

beginning around (yr), immigration to the US accelerated

1830

main source countries of immigrants in the early part of 1830 (5)

germany, Ireland, great Britain, France, Canada (GC GIF)

irish potato famine yrs and cause

1845-1852; caused by a fungus

irish potato famine forced how many ppl to move and how many to die

immigrate: 2 mill

deaths: 1 mill

irish indepdence yr

1921

how many Irish ppl left Ireland between famine and indepdnecne

5.4 mill

(#) yr period between (yr-yr) saw a halving in the Irish population decreasing it from # to #

80; 1841-1921; 8.2 to 4.2 mill

in (yr) series of political and social uprisings against monarchies across Europe which is known as (name) or (name)

1848; European revolutions of 1848 or “spring of nations”

reasons that propelled people to migrate to us from europe

1) Irish potato famine

2) spring of nations

what led to decline of indetured servitude

immigrnats were able to pay for relatives to come without needing to indenture themselves to cover the costs

immigrnat numbers in 1830s, 1840s, 1850s

1830s: 600k

1840s: 1.7 mill

1850s: 3 mill

immigration slowed after (yr) but the long # yr (yr-yr) wave of immigration drastically reshaped the US

1855; 30 yr; 1830-60

by 1860, the proportion of the US population that was foreign born increased to %

13.2

in 1860 what was the immigrant proportion in NY and CA

NY: 51%

CA: 63%

native born Americans main religion

protestant

cultural differences led to what in the 1850s

increased nativist sentiment

in the 1850s what group gained more strength

american party / know-nothing party

why is the name know-nothing

party members often stated they “knew nothing” when asked about their organization

what did the American party rally for (2)

1) restrictions on immigration (especially on Catholics)

2) resdiency period of 21 yrs before immigrants could become naturalized

american party popularity subsided due to

internal divisions over slavery

many know-nothings joined the newly formed (party) which opposed the expansion of slavery

republican party

republican party was made when

1854

until about 1880, bulk of immigrnats were from (4)

great Britain, Germany, Sweden, scandiavian countries

1880-1930 immigrants were from (3)

poland, Russia, italy

in (yr), 3 graduates from (school)—(names)—founded the (blank) in (city)

1894; Harvard; prescott f hall, Charles warren, robert decourcy ward; immigration restriction league (IRL); boston

IRL goal

push for stricter laws especially a literacy test to prevent undesrivle immigrants from entering

what were southern and eastern European seen as

inferior race; posed a threat to the anglo-saxon us heritage and American way of life

the period from (yr-yr) witnessed a sharp decline in immigration levels

1930-1965

the sharp decline in immigration levels from 1930-1965 were caused by what 3 reasons

1) immigration act of 1924

2) great depression

3) world war 2

after (yr) immigration rebounded quickly from its world war 2 lows

1946

annual immigration to the US during the 1950s averaged more than

250k

the emigrants farewell was an engraving by (name) from (name)’s (book) (yr)

henry doyle; mary frances cusack; illustrated history of Ireland; 1868

“name” shows (ethnicity) emigrants boarding a steamer in (city) bound for NY from (magazine) (date)

from the old to the new world; German; hamburg; harper’s weekly; Nov 7, 1874

who signed the immigration act of 1924

calvin coolidge

calvin Coolidge signed the immigration act of 1924 along with (blank) on the (blank)

appropriation bills for the veterans bureau on the white house south lawn

who made a polictical cartoon that portrays irish and german voters engaging in election theft and what did refelct

john h goater; reflected the fear of immigrant policitcal power that the know-nothing party had

(ethnicity) immigrants gathered at (place) with signs for the ceremony of the # anniversary of the fall of (country) 1981

vietnamese; houston city hall; 6th; south vietnam

us immigration soard in the (part-decade) and exceeded 1 mill in (yr) a milestone that had last been reached in (yr)

late 1980s; 1989; 1914

in 1990, there were # immigrants in the country which accounted for % of the total us population

19.8 mill; 7.9%

1960 and 1990 proportion of foreign born population in us coming from Europe/canada

1960: 84%

1990: 24-25%

in 1990, what % of all green cards were issued to Latin American immigrants, to asian, and to European & canadian

latin: 59%

Asian: 22%

Europe & canada: 7%

how many African Americans moved in the great migration

6 mill

when was great migration

1915-1970

african Americans moved from what 3 rural states to what 4 northern cities

rural: alabama, Georgia, Mississippi (GAM)

urban: Chicago, detroit, ny, philadelphia

in the first # decades of the 20th century, the south lost # black residents

3; half a mill

the great migration supplied much needed industrial workers to what places in which states

factories, meat processing plants, foundries

NY, Illinois, Michigan, CA (M NIC)

at the turn of the 20th century, % of African Americans lived in what 3 states

90; Georgia, Mississippi, alabama

by 1970 what 3 states had the largest africna American populations

new York, Illinois (chicago), california

many newly arrived African Americans were (blank) from (3 states)

sharecroppers; mississippi, Alabama, lousiana

the (name), an African American family moved north arriving in (city) in 1920 from (city, state) after # family members were lynched

arthurs; Chicago; Paris, Texas; 2

from 1910-1920, how much did the African American population grow by in Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, new York, philadelphia

detroite: 611.3%

cleveland: 307.8%

Chicago: 148.2%

new York: 66.3%

Philadelphia: 58.9%

what small cities saw an increase in black population

milwaukee, Akron, buffalo, Newark, Gary (M BANG)

3 distinctive black neighborhoods

black bottom, bronzeville, black mecca

harlem is located where from central park

north of central Park in manhattan

in recent decades black residents, especially (2 age groups), have moved to (3 cities)

younger, college-educated professionals and retirees; Atlanta, Charlotte, houston (Georgia, north Carolina, Texas respectively)

the inversion of the great migration began in what decade

1970s

us census bureau found that between 1965-1970 the south lost # black residents but more than # added to the region between 1975-1980

280k; 100k

from 2010-2020, the south experienced a net growth of # black residnets

1.2 mill

in 2023, the states with the largest numbers of African Americans were (3 southern states) followed by (2 states)

texas, Florida, Georgia; NY and CA

motivating factors for the inversed great migration (5)

1) rising housing costs in north

2) racial tensions in north

3) safety concerns in north

4) more relaxed lifestyle in south

5) greater potentioal for achievement in south

inverse migration is changing racial composition in historically black cities such as (7)

baltimore, Chicago, cleveland, Detroit, new York, Oakland, philadelphia (BCC POND)