4. Population and Migration info

Define Birth and death rate

Births/deaths per 1000 people each year

Define Fertility rate/TFR + what is replacement rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime assuming she survives

Replacement rate: 2.1bpw

Define infant mortality rate

Number of deaths for infants under 1 years old per 1000 live births

Ages of different age categories

Young dependents = 0-15

Working population = 16-64

Elderly dependents = 65+

Define Dependency ratio

Ratio of countries working population to dependent population

Factors affecting fertility + acronym

• Female literacy/employment - Afghanistan around 7% woman employed, UK around 70%

• Access to contraception - Taliban birth control ban in Afghanistan

• Economic burden/asset of children

• Religion/cultural norms - Catholics → discourages contraception - supports large families

• Natalist policies - 1CP

• Conflict

CREEP - contraception, religion, education, economic, politics

Factors affecting mortality

• Access to healthcare

• Nutrition

• Population structure - Age

• Lifestyle factors - smoking, alcohol, drugs - 40% of Serbians smoke

• GDP per capita

• Communicable/non-communicable diseases - heart diseases largest global cause of death

• Pollution

• War

Describe population pyramid for LIC, MIC and HIC

How does gender ratio change with age

At birth: more men

• Slightly higher chance of male birth

• prenatal sex selection - 1CP

Elderly population: more woman

• 5 year gap in life expectancy

• Higher infant death rate in men

• Men are more vulnerable to communicable diseases/genetic disorders/accidents/violence/suicide

Describe each stage of DTM

Stage1: High birth and death rate - no population change

Stage2: High birth and decreasing death rate - rapid population growth

Stage3: Decreasing birth and low death rate - slower population growth

Stage4: Low birth and lower death rate - very slow/no population growth

Stage5: Lower birth and low death rate - population decline

Evaluation of DTM

DISADVANTAGES

• Migration - does not account for migration

• Political anomalies - 1CP

• Eurocentric model

Impacts of rapid population growth

• Low access to infrastructure/education

• Higher taxes may be needed

• House shortages

• Congestion

• Growing workforce

• Unemployment/underemployment

• Higher demand on resources - fossil fuels

• Younger voters beliefs - environment/equality

Define distance decay

Number of migrants declines as distances between source area and destination increase

Refugees vs asylum seekers vs Internally displaced persons(IDP)

• Refugees: have been granted official refugee status and are legally allowed to stay in destination country due to risks in source country

• Asylum seekers: Forced migrants who are yet to be granted refugee status

• IDPs: forced migrants who remain in source country

Forced vs Impelled migration by who

• W. Peterson

• Forced: real threats

• Impelled: perceived threats - element of choice remains

____’s Push-pull migration model

Lee’s 1966 model

• If pull factors outweigh the push factors of a particular place and the intervening obstacles can be overcome then migration will take place

• Intervening obstacles: cost of travel, leaving family behind, danger