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Anti-foreign uprising in China, led by the Boxers, who practiced martial arts and claimed immunity to weapons.
Triggered by Yellow River floods and government failure to aid refugees, fueling anti-foreign resentment.
Boxers besieged the Legation Quarter in Beijing, targeting foreigners and missionaries.
The Eight-Nation Alliance sent 20,000 troops to crush the rebellion, leading to heavy reparations under the Boxer Protocol (1901).
Weakened the Qing Dynasty, accelerating its decline.
Southern region of vietnam, called this during French colonial period. Majority vietnamese, Strong rice growing region Merged with vietnam in 1949
Also known as An Nam, located in northern Vietnam.
Monarchical state with eight ruling dynasties, including the Lý, Trần, and Lê Dynasties.
Expanded southward, conquering Champa and parts of Cambodia (Nam Tiến movement).
Experienced periods of division and conflict, notably the Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1627–1672), before reunification.
Successfully resisted Mongol (13th century) and Ming (15th century) invasions.
Renamed Việt Nam in 1804 under the Nguyễn Dynasty.
Japanese artificial island in Nagasaki bay where dutch stayed
Dutch and japanese exchange of information was allowed Also trading post with portugese
Japan’s study of Western science and technology through Dutch texts during the Tokugawa period.
Allowed despite Japan’s Sakoku (isolation) policy, with knowledge coming through Dutch traders in Dejima (Nagasaki).
Introduced Western medicine, astronomy, physics, and military science to Japan.
Key figures: Sugita Genpaku (medicine), Takano Chōei (science and reform).
Declined after the Meiji Restoration (1868) as Japan adopted broader Western influences from multiple countries.
Mother of the emperor, basically ruled since son was so young Backed boxer rebellion. When son died, chose his cousin to "rule" so she could keep ruling. Fought with french over vietnam. Had lots of court power even after retiring
modernized - no foot binding, legal reform, education reform, got rid of tributary system (Year 1861)
Chinese civil service exam, a way to find people that were actually talented, not just wealthy people. Tested knowledge of confucian philosophy and texts. There were multiple periods of reform for the exams, eventually got rid of exams and went to mass education like in the West. A similar system was used in Korea and Japan, also to test knowledge of Chinese confucian classics
conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea. Showed that japan was a world power, showed China's weakness japanese troops expelled Chinese forces out of Korea Korea asks help from china to put down rebellion, japan took opportunity to force war on china France, Russia and Germany force japan to give up Korea
Japanese political movement (1870s-80s) advocating for democracy, constitutional government, and civil rights during the Meiji era.
Pushed for a national assembly and greater political participation + social liberalism.
Inspired the creation of Japan’s first political parties, such as the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō, 1881).
Pressured the Meiji government to establish the Meiji Constitution (1889) and the Imperial Diet (1890).
Ultimately suppressed by the government, but laid the foundation for Japan’s constitutional monarchy and early democratic movements.
Japanese intellectual, writer, and educator, key figure in Meiji-era modernization.
Advocated for Western-style education, science, and political institutions, emphasizing individualism and meritocracy.
Founded Keio University (1858) and wrote An Encouragement of Learning, promoting rational thought and self-improvement.
His ideas helped shape Meiji Japan’s reforms, transitioning Japan into a modern, industrialized nation.
Believed Japan should embrace Western knowledge to avoid colonial domination, influencing Japan’s foreign policy and imperial ambitions.
Pro-Japanese reformist coup in 1884 Korea, led by Kim Ok-gyun and the Progressive Party, aiming to modernize Korea and eliminate the yangban aristocracy.
Inspired by Japan’s Meiji Restoration, they sought to establish a constitutional monarchy and implement Western-style reforms.
With Japanese support, they briefly seized power but were quickly crushed by Korean conservatives backed by Chinese troops (Qing Dynasty).
Failure led to stronger Chinese control over Korea under the Tianjin Convention (1885), increasing tensions that later led to the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).
Flourishing of urban culture during the Genroku era (1688–1704), centered in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka.
Marked by the rise of the chōnin (merchant class), who became key patrons of art, theater, and literature.
Kabuki theater, ukiyo-e (woodblock prints), and haiku poetry (notably Matsuo Bashō) thrived.
Reflected pleasure-seeking, entertainment, and sophistication in Japan’s cities.
Symbolized the cultural peak of the Edo period, though later criticized as decadent by the shogunate.
Japanese political leader who modernized Taiwan’s economy after Japan colonized it in 1895, made taiwan colony of Japan.
As Chief of Civil Administration (1898–1906), he implemented infrastructure, public health, and economic reforms, making Taiwan a model colony.
Later became Japan’s Home Minister and Foreign Minister, promoting urban planning and public health reforms in Japan.
Helped rebuild Tokyo after the Great Kantō Earthquake (1923) with modern city planning.
Attempt to modernize China using a Western-style model under Emperor Guangxu, influenced by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Aimed to reform government, military, education, and economy, but threatened conservative elites.
Empress Dowager Cixi, backed by conservatives, staged a coup, imprisoning Guangxu and ending the reforms.
Failed, leading to conservative backlash and setting the stage for the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901).
Issued by Emperor Meiji to promote loyalty, Confucian morals, and nationalism in Japan.
Emphasized filial piety, respect for authority, and devotion to the emperor as the foundation of education.
Read in schools across Japan, shaping students’ values and reinforcing state Shinto ideology.
Played a key role in fostering militarism and national unity, influencing Japan’s expansionist policies.
Revoked in 1948 after World War II as part of Japan’s democratization under U.S. occupation.
Longest-reigning Qing emperor, ruling from 1661 to 1722.
Expanded and stabilized the Qing Dynasty, defeating the Three Feudatories Rebellion (1673–1681) and conquering Taiwan (1683).
Strengthened Manchu control over China and expanded into Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Central Asia.
Promoted Confucian governance, patronized scholars, and commissioned the Kangxi Dictionary.
Fostered economic growth and foreign trade, but restricted Christianity after tensions with missionaries.
Remembered as one of China’s greatest emperors for his military, administrative, and cultural achievements.
Key leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement, modernizing China's military and industry.
Helped defeat the Taiping Rebellion (1864) under Zeng Guofan.
Negotiated with foreign powers after the Tianjin Massacre (1870) and Boxer Rebellion (1901).
Led China in the Sino-French War (1884–85) and the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) after China’s defeat.
Pushed for modernization but faced setbacks due to war losses and foreign pressures.
British diplomatic mission led by Lord George Macartney to China (Qing Dynasty), seeking to expand trade and diplomatic relations.
Aimed to open more ports for British trade and establish a permanent embassy in Beijing.
Qianlong Emperor rejected British requests, stating China lacked nothing and had no need for Western goods.
Symbolized China’s resistance to Western influence, foreshadowing future conflicts like the Opium Wars (1839–1842, 1856–1860).
Revival of confucian practices, focused on classical confucian tradition Tried to affirm that traditional chinese and confucian culture was still relevant and important, used as basis for policy/imperial exams until the 20th century
Last imperial dynasty of Vietnam, founded by Gia Long after unifying the country.
Expanded Vietnamese territory and ruled independently until French colonization (1880s).
Became a French protectorate (1883–1885), with emperors retaining de jure rule but no real power.
Ended when Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated in 1945, marking the rise of modern Vietnam.
Founder of the Later Jin Dynasty, which later became the Qing Dynasty.
Unified Jurchen tribes, laying the foundation for Manchu rule over China.
Created the Banner System, a military and administrative structure that strengthened Manchu power.
Defeated the Ming in key battles, expanding Manchu control in northeast China.
Died in 1626, but his successors, especially Hong Taiji, completed the conquest, leading to the Qing Dynasty’s rule over China in 1644.
Two wars between China (Qing Dynasty) and Britain, later joined by France in the Second War, over opium trade, sovereignty, and Western access to China.
First Opium War (1839–1842): Britain forced China to continue opium trade, leading to the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened five treaty ports to foreign trade.
Second Opium War (1856–1860): Britain and France attacked China again, forcing the Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and the Convention of Beijing (1860), further expanding Western privileges.
Weakened the Qing Dynasty and marked the beginning of China’s "Century of Humiliation" (1839–1949).
Vietnamese nationalist who led the anti-French independence movement in the early 20th century.
Founded the Dong Du Movement (1905), sending students to Japan for modern education.
Advocated for armed resistance and modernization to free Vietnam from colonial rule.
Arrested by the French in 1925, spent his later years under house arrest.
Inspired later Vietnamese revolutionary movements, including Ho Chi Minh’s struggle for independence.
War between Russia and Japan over control of Manchuria and Korea.
Japan sought to stop Russian expansion into Asia and launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur (1904).
Japan wins, shocking the world as an Asian power defeats a European empire.
Mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, ending with the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), granting Japan control over southern Manchuria and Korea.
A set of 16 moral maxims issued by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty to promote Confucian values among the Chinese people.
Emphasized filial piety, loyalty, social harmony, and obedience to authority, reinforcing the Confucian order.
Later expanded and simplified by Emperor Yongzheng (1724) to ensure greater public understanding.
Read publicly by local officials to educate the common people and maintain social stability.
Reflected the Qing Dynasty’s reliance on Confucian ideology to govern a diverse empire.
Tokugawa policy (1603-1868) requiring daimyo to alternate living between Edo and their home domains every other year.
Their families remained in Edo as hostages, ensuring daimyo loyalty.
Weakened daimyo power by draining their wealth through constant travel and residence costs.
Helped centralize Tokugawa control and boost Japan’s economy by stimulating trade along travel routes.
Ended with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868.
Conflict between China (Qing Dynasty) and France over control of Vietnam (Tonkin region).
France sought to expand its colonial empire, while China tried to maintain Vietnam as a tributary state.
War erupted after French attacks on Chinese-backed forces, culminating in the Battle of Fuzhou (1884).
French victory led to the Treaty of Tientsin (1885), forcing China to recognize Vietnam as a French protectorate.
Weakened the Qing Dynasty, highlighting China’s military decline and paving the way for future conflicts like the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).
Leader of the 1911 Revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended imperial rule in China.
Founded the Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood, aiming to modernize China.
First Provisional President of the Republic of China (1912) but soon lost power to warlords.
Founded the Kuomintang (KMT) and later allied with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to unify China.
Died in 1925, but his vision influenced both the Nationalists (Taiwan) and Communists (China).
Foreign policy system where states like Korea, Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Kingdom acknowledged China’s supremacy.
Tributary rulers sent tribute missions, performed the kowtow, and received trade privileges and protection in return.
Unlike colonies, tributary states retained domestic autonomy but had to show deference to the Chinese emperor.
Lasted until the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1912) but weakened due to Western imperialism and unequal treaties.
Peasant uprising in Korea against corruption, heavy taxation, and foreign influence.
Led by followers of Tonghak ("Eastern Learning"), a religious movement blending Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Korean nationalism.
Rebels demanded land reforms and an end to government corruption.
The Korean government called for Chinese military aid, prompting Japan to intervene, leading to the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).
The rebellion was crushed, but it exposed Korea’s weakness and paved the way for Japanese dominance over Korea.
Year: 1894-95
Unequal treaty between Japan and Korea, forcing Korea to open to Japanese trade.
Signed after Japan used gunboat diplomacy, exploiting Korea’s isolationist policies.
Declared Korea an independent nation, weakening its historical ties to China.
Opened three Korean ports to Japan and granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens.
Marked the start of Japanese influence in Korea, eventually leading to annexation in 1910.
Year: 1876
Chinese (Ming) general, brought the Manchu into China (1644), helped them set up the Qing dynasty Later revolted against Qing dynasty (1673), tried to make his own dynasty Beijing was attacked by rebels (Li) and China needed Manchu to help fight, Ming and Manchu fought together. Ming wanted Wu's help to reestablish dynasty, Wu helped Manchu and Qing instead. Dies in 1678
Qing general and politician who played a key role in the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the founding of the Republic of China (1912).
Negotiated the abdication of Emperor Puyi and became the first President of the Republic of China.
Dissolved parliament and ruled as a dictator, attempting to restore monarchy by declaring himself Emperor (1915–1916).
His imperial ambitions led to widespread opposition, forcing him to abandon the throne.
Died in 1916, leaving China politically fragmented and leading to the Warlord Era (1916–1928).
