DMK40173 Sensory and Statistic for Applied Science - Topic 1 Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering statistics definitions, variable types, data classification, and sampling methods from Topic 1 notes.

Statistic

The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data for the purpose of making a more informed conclusion and decision from data.

Population

The entire group of people or objects being studied, representing the set of all measurements of interest.

Sample

A small group selected from the population (a subset of the population) that is fair, random, and representative of the population.

Variable

A characteristic or attribute of a population that is being studied.

Data

Information gathered from qualitative and quantitative variables.

Qualitative Variables

Also known as categorical variables, these refer to variables that express quality or category and cannot be measured numerically.

Quantitative Variables

Variables that can be measured on a numeric scale where the values are numerically meaningful.

Nominal Variables

Qualitative variables that have two or more categories which cannot be ranked or non-ordered.

Ordinal Variables

Qualitative variables that have two or more categories with clear ordering.

Discrete Variables

Variables that assume a finite or countable number of possible whole-number values obtained by counting.

Continuous Variables

Variables that assume an infinite number of possible values within a range or interval obtained by measurement.

Interval Variables

Quantitative variables where the distance between any two adjacent units of measurement is equal and differences are meaningful, but zero does not mean absence of the attribute.

Ratio Variables

Quantitative variables where the distance between adjacent units is equal and zero on the scale means the physical quantity does not exist.

Descriptive Statistics

The types of statistics used to describe data numerically or graphically in forms that are easily understood and used.

Inferential Statistics

The type of statistics used to make statements and draw conclusions about a population using information obtained from a sample based on probability theory.

Qualitative Data

Data dealing with descriptions collected from nominal or ordinal variables, such as color, texture, aroma, and taste.

Quantitative Data

Data dealing with numbers that can be measured, collected from ordinal scales with intervals greater than 5, interval, or ratio variables.

Cumulative Data

Raw data which have been grouped, usually displayed in a frequency table and sometimes with class intervals.

Non-Cumulative Data

Raw data which have not been grouped.

Primary Data

Raw data collected directly by the researcher through interviews, observations, experiments, or questionnaires.

Secondary Data

Data collected by someone else or primary data that have been processed or published in journals, books, articles, theses, or newspapers.

Simple Random Sampling

A sampling method in which each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Stratified Sampling

The process of grouping members of the population into relatively homogeneous groups called strata before taking a random sample from each stratum.

Cluster Sampling

A sampling method in which the total population is divided into groups or clusters, and random clusters are selected with all individuals taken from those chosen clusters.

Systematic Sampling

A sampling method where a starting point is randomly selected and every $n^{\text{th}}$ piece of data is taken from a population listing at an interval $k$.