psychology IB exam - socul approach

definitions

SIT

the theory that most of our identity comes from the people around us. The interplay between personal and social identities, linking attitudes or identities to the role-related behavior of individuals (being in groups) deriving a sense of self from the groups they belong to.

Social Categorization

the process by which we identify which groups we belong to and which groups we do not → we belong to “in-groupus” and we don’t belong to “out-groups”

Social Identification

the process of adopting the norms of the group and taking on the chararcteristics of the group

social comparison

justifying the member’s actions and why they are the way they are

positive distinctiveness

we seek to achieve positive self-esteem by positively comparing our in-group to an out-group on some valued dimension to achieve positive distinctiveness

SCT

suggests that behavior is learned from the environment through the processes of modeling and reinforcement

4 different parts of it to actually learning a behavior

attention

retention

motivation

potential

models

modeling involves learning through the observation of other people, which may lead to imitation if the behavior is to be imitated it can lead to desirable consequences

mirror neurons

the brain seems to mirror the movements it sees which is like the social cognitive theory and how we learn from the things happening in our environment. These neurons activate when an individual observes another performing an action, suggesting a neural basis for learning through imitation and understanding others' actions.

social culture learning

behavior/decision-making is influenced by observations and interactions with the individuals around us and the cultural context in which they occur.

stereotypes

a widely held, often oversimplified, and sometimes inaccurate belief or idea about a group of people or things. Can be positive or negative

Formation of stereotypes

the process through which individuals develop beliefs about the traits and behaviors of members of a particular group, often influenced by societal norms and personal experiences. SIT can be used to explain as well:

see outgroups as undersirable and deem the characteristics of the outgroups bad. SIT explains how group memberships and the desire fro a positive self-image can fuel the formation and maintenance of stereotypes and prejudice against out-groups and foster in-group favoritism.

effect of stereotypes

The influence of stereotypes on individuals' perceptions and behaviors, often leading to confirmation bias and shaping social expectations.

internalizing stereotypes and thinking they are true can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies and impact self-esteem. As well as how it can affect how an individual interacts with others

impacts self-esteem when the stereotype goes against ones identity

culture

the shared values and beliefs there are in a community

it provides a framework

influences how people see the world

individuals from different cultural backgrounds may interpret the same situation based on their cultural upbringing

cultural groups

broadly defined as a community of individuals who share common characteristics, such as language, religion, ethnicity, or values, that shape their collective identity

impart specific norms, traditions, and rules of behavior that individuals internalize from a young age

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

influential frameworks for understanding how culture influences behavior and cognition

structured way to compare cultures, understand human behavior in different cultural contexts

individualism/collectivism

in collectivist cultures, the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over individual desires.

in individualistic cultures, the emphasis is on personal autonomy, individual rights, and self-expression

enculturation

the process through which individuals learn and adopt the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors of their culture, usually beginning in early childhood

norms

viewed as foundational in shaping and guiding behavior within a cultural context. they are established through shared group beliefs and serve as a framework that dictates socially acceptable behavior

acculturation

process of adapting to a new culture through prolonged contact, involving changes in behavior, values, and identity

assimilation

integration

separation

marginalization

assimilation

process in which individuals or groups adopt the customs, values, and behaviors of another - often dominant - culture, impacting identity and social interactions and they reject their other culture

the individual and the group

study: schaller

research method: experiment

ethical considerations: informed consent

cultural origin of behavior and cognition

study: berry (1967)

research method: quasi-experiment

ethical considerations: deception informed consent

cultural influences on individual behavior

study: odden and rochat

research method: naturalistic observation (longitudinal)

ethical consideration: informed consent