Plant Cell Parts - Plant Anatomy & Phy

There are ___ basic cell types of plants

3

There are ____ basic meristems of plants.

3

There are ___ primary tissue types

3

All eukaryotic cells have…

Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

Plant cells differ from animals cells in that they have…

Cell walls, plastids, unusually large vacuoles, localized growth areas

The living part of the cell is called the _____ and it is defined as _________

protoplast; everything inside the cell wall

The protoplast is (living/dead) and is defined as __________

living; everything inside the cell wall

Everything inside the cell wall is referred to as (the) ______

protoplast

The protoplast is ___ to ____% _____ by dry weight

60; 75; protein

Everything inside the cell wall is called the ______. The gel-like fluid and organelles outside the nucleus is called the _____. The gel-like fluid is called the _____.

Protoplast; cytoplasm; cytosol

The ____ is the gel-like fluid and the organelles outside the nucleus

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is…

The gel-like fluid and the organelles outside the nucleus

The cytosol is…

The gel-like fluid in the cell

The gel-like fluid in the cell is…

Cytosol

Give three functions of the cell wall

Gives cells shape, support, and resists turgor pressure

What is turgor pressure?

The force that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

How do animals maintain their osmotic balance? How do plants use turgor pressure?

Animals have kidneys to maintain osmotic balance. Plants absorb pure water into tissues and use cell walls and turgor pressure to provide rigidity and support.

What plant part(s) is/are composed of cellulose?

Primary and secondary cell wall

What makes up cellulose?

Alternating alpha/beta glucose molecules

What can digest cellulose? Make a connection

Bacteria and fungi; This is why cows have a four-chambered stomach: so the cellulose can be completely digested

Individual strands of cellulose are combined into ______, which combine into ______, which go into ____. This is similar to _____

Microfibrils, fibrils, cell walls; rope

Name the substances that make up the primary cell wall

Cellulose fiber, hemicellulose-branched fibers, pectin, extensin (protein)

What is the purpose of extensin in the primary cell wall?

Flexibility

What structural protein is in the primary cell wall?

Extensin

All cells have a _____ cell wall.

____ plants requiring more structure have a _____ cell wall ____ that one.

Primary;

woody; secondary; inside

The secondary cell wall is composed of _______

Cellulose and lignin

The sacrifice of secondary cell walls is that

As you add more secondary cell wall, the space inside the primary wall is reduced, sometimes sacrificing whole cells to create rigid wooden structures

List the functions of the plasma membrane

Transport materials in and out of the cell and detect conditions in and out of the cell

What in the plasma membrane allows it to be functional over a wide range of temperatures?

Cholesterol

What benefit does cholesterol have in plasma membranes?

Allows it to be functional over a wide range of temperatures

What is one of the reasons tropical plants might be damaged in cold?

Their cell membranes are not adapted to dealing with low temperatures and cannot maintain fluidity

What composes the plasma membrane?

phospholipid bilayer, proteins: integral proteins (span membrane, often transport channels) and peripheral proteins (go partially through)

Plasmodesmata is a feature of the….

Plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata is defined as

Protoplasm connections between cells

Plasmodesmata are lined with ______ and have an inner structure, the ______, which is continuous with the ______.

Substances pass between the _______ and the _____

Extensions of the plasma membrane; desmotubule; endoplasmic reticulum;

plasma membrane; desmotubule

The symplast is _____.

The apoplast is ______.

A continuous connection of cytoplasm throughout the plant.

Everything outside the symplast, the cells themselves, barriers in the way, the cell walls themselves

What organelle is responsible for housing DNA in chromosomes?

Nucleus

What is the function of the nucleus?

Houses DNA in chromosomes

What is the structure of a nucleus?

Double-membrane bound organelle with large pores

What does the nucleus contain that makes ribosomes?

Nucleolus

What is created by the nucleolus?

Ribosomes

What creates ribosomes?

Nucleolus

Name two diseases that can result if pores of the nucleus are plugged

ALS and dementia

What plant part takes up most of the plant cell?

Vacuoles

How much of a plant cell does a vacuole realistically take up?

Enough to flatten everything else against the side

What is the function of vacuoles?

Maintain turgor pressure, storage (sometimes toxins), recycling old organelles

What is the structure of a vacuole?

Single membrane-bound sac

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Membrane system that provides surface area, organizes ribosomes so they are not just floating around

What is the first type of membrane to be produced in the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth (no ribosomes), rough (has ribosomes)

Ribosomes are used to

Convert mRNA into proteins

What organelle converts mRNA into proteins?

Ribosomes

The eukaryotic ribosome consists of

Four RNA chains and 79 different proteinsd

What is the largest asymmetrical structure resolved by x-ray crystallography to date?

The ribosome. Eukaryotic/bacterial was not clear on the slide

What organelle is responsible for packaging and moving large molecules, secretion, and adding membrane organelles

Golgi apparatus

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Packaging and moving large molecules, secretion, and adding membrane organelles

What is the composition of the Golgi apparatus?

Series of membrane sacks

How does the Golgi apparatus add to a membrane or package large molecules?

Some of the membrane may fold around and hold onto something and pop off of the Golgi apparatus, forming a vesicle. The vesicle membrane will become part of any other membrane it merges with

What organelle is responsible for aerobic respiration?

Mitochondria

What is the function of mitochondria?

Aerobic respiration

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Outer smooth membrane, inner membrane with folds (cristae) and inner gel (matrix)

What is the most common type of plastid?

Chloroplast

What type of plastid gives leaves their green color?

Chloroplasts

Plastids containing pigments other than chlorophyll are called ______, usually containing ______.

Chromoplasts; carotenoids

What is the function of the amyloplast?

Starch storage

What is the general structure of plastids?

Outer smooth membrane, inner sets of membrane sacs

The most complex of the plastids is the _____

Chloroplast

The inner gel of the chloroplast is called _____

Stroma

The chloroplast contains membranes called _____ organized into stacks called _____

Thylakoids; granum

What is the concept of endosymbiosis?

The plastids and mitochondria used to be free living. The mitochondria were the first to be captured and then the plastids as food and were kept in the cell as symbiosis

What is some evidence that plastids and mitochondria were once free-living?

Their membrane structure is different from the typical phospholipids and the plastids and mitochondria divide separately from the rest of the cell during cell division

The chloroplast ancestor is thought to be a

Cyanobacterium

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Structure, shape, cell organization

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

Long protein tubes that make a scaffold

What gives animal cells a shape? What gives plant cells a shape?

Cytoskeleton; cell wall

When a plant cell divides, you get two nuclei and a scaffolding of ______ are built across the middle of the original cell and lays down ______ on the other side of those

microtubules; cell walls