Bio 1-Review Chapter 5

what are the five phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

What three phases make up interphase?

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

What happens in the G1 phase?

First gap phase, cell grows physically larger

What happens in the S phase?

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus

What happens in the G2 phase?

Second gap phase, cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles. It ends when Mitosis begins

What is mitosis?

when the cell separates its DNA into 2 sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming into new cells.

What is cytokinesis?

When the cytoplasm of the cell is split in 2, making 2 new cells. It usually begins when mitosis is ending. Takes place differently in plant and animal cells.

What are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle?

Grow, Copy genetic material DNA, Physically split into 2 daughter cells.

What type of cells in all organisms has the greatest need for a rapid cell cycle? Why?

embryonic, the cells need to multiply for the formation of the embryo

What is GO?

This is the resting phase, a cell is not actively preparing to divide, it is just doing its job.

what is a chromosome?

an entire structure that contains the chromatid and chromatin

What is a chromatid?

the threadlike strand that contains a double helix of DNA

what is chromatin?

the loose combination of DNA and proteins that looks like spaghetti.

What protein does the DNA wrap itself around which helps to organize and condense it?

Histones

What is the goal of mitosis and cytokinesis?

to make sure the two daughter cells inherit an equal and
identical amount of chromosomes.

What happens in Prophase?

chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form. Nuclear envelope breaks down

What happens in Metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens in the Anaphase?

sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell

What happens in the Telophase?

the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to coil

What phase is this?

prophase

What phase is this?

metaphase

What phase is this?

anaphase

What phase is this?

telophase

What phase is this?

cytokinesis

What phase is this

interphase

What are the signals that regulate cell division? Give examples of each.

Physical and chemical signals, ex. Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

How is the normal division of cells controlled?

Proteins stimulate cell division, and internal enzymes such as kinesis and cyclins are triggered by External factors that affect the cell cycle

Cancer arises from the __________ of a normal gene.

damage

Mutated genes are called_____________________.

gene variants

What are 3 ways that mutations occur in genes? Know examples

Can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral
infection.

What is a tumor?

Disorganized clumps formed by cancer cells.

What is a malignant tumor?

Tumors that metastasize or break away and can form more tumors

What is a benign tumor?

Tumors that remain clustered and can be removed.

Carcinogen

Substances known to promote cancer

What are the 2 treatments that are localized for fighting cancer?

Radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Surgery is another
way to remove cancer in one certain area.

What are the treatments that are systemic for fighting cancer?

Chemotherapy uses certain drugs, often in combination, to kill actively dividing cells. Hormone therapies, Immunotherapies
and Targeted therapies are also used.

What is gene therapy?

A medical approach that treats or prevents disease by correcting the underlying genetic problem. Techniques allow doctors to treat a disorder by altering a person’s genetic makeup instead of using drugs or surgery.

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent while sexual reproduction
requires 2 parents.

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Binary Fission

a microorganism splits in two equal halves, such as amoebas

Budding

new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular
site, Bacteria, yeast, corals, flatworms, Jellyfish and sea anemones

Fragmentation

a body breaks into several fragments, which later develop into complete organisms

Parthenogenesis

growth and development of embryos occur in a gamete without combining with another gamete occurs in vertebrae species such as some fish and lizards.

What are advantages in asexual reproduction?

is an advantage in consistantly favorable conditions

What are advantages in sexual reproduction?

is an advantage in changing conditions.

What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms?

Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ system --> Organism

What is cell differentiation?

When cells develop into their mature forms.

What are stem cells?

a unique type of body cell that can (1) divide and renew themselves for long periods of time, (2) remain undifferentiated in form, and (3) differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types.

Pluripotent

growing into any cell type but a totipotent cell

Multipotent

growing into cells of a closely related cell family

What is the advantage of using adult stem cells?

they can be taken from a patient, grown in culture,
and put back into the patient.

What are the disadvantages of using adult stem cells?

They can be hard to isolate and grow.

Where do embryonic cells come from?

Most come from donated embryos grown in a clinic.

What is the advantage of using embryonic stem cells?

Because they are pluripotent, they can form any of the 200 cell types of the body. They can also be grown indefinitely in culture.

What is the disadvantage of using embryonic stem cells?

They raise ethical issues and patients' bodies also may reject them causing a tumor to form.

What is the Catholic Church’s stand on stem cell research?

They allow the use of adult stem cells, but do not support stem cells from embryos.

What are some current and potential uses for stem cells?

Treatment for leukemia and lymphoma ,May cure diseases or replace damaged organs, May revolutionize the drug development process