Unit 2

What are the models of racism?

Models of racism categorize the different ways individuals and societies express prejudiced attitudes. Key models include: 1. Old-fashioned racism, characterized by overt hostility; 2. Symbolic racism, which focuses on more covert beliefs and attitudes that assert that racial inequality is the result of individual failings; 3. Aversive racism, which involves negative feelings towards a racial group while simultaneously endorsing egalitarian values.

How has prejudice changed over time?

Prejudice has evolved from blatant, overt discrimination in the past to more subtle and insidious forms today, such as microaggressions, implicit biases, and institutional racism, reflecting broader societal shifts in norms and attitudes.

What is hostile prejudice?

Refers to the traditional form of prejudice. Negative beliefs and emotional responses to targets of prejudice

What is benevolent prejudice?

Refers to seemingly positive attitudes towards a group that still fosters stereotypes, treating them as inferior or dependent. This can manifest as paternalism or a sense of moral superiority.

What is the stereotype content model?

People categorize others based on two key dimensions: warmth and competence. Groups perceived as warm may be viewed positively but can still face paternalism, whereas those seen as competent may be respected but disliked.

What are bogus pipeline procedures?

Bogus pipeline procedures are research tools designed to reduce social desirability bias in self-reports by making respondents believe their true opinions will be revealed, thus encouraging honest responses.

What are hate crimes?

Hate crimes are criminal acts motivated by bias against a person's identity, including race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. These crimes not only harm individuals but also threaten entire communities.

What are types of hate crime offenders?

Hate crime offenders can be categorized into three main types: 1. Thrill-seekers, who commit hate crimes for excitement; 2. Reactive offenders, who thinks they protect their comunity; 3. Mission offenders, who are ideologically driven; 4. Retaliatory offenders, who act in response to perceived threats. 5. Identity-conflict, hate towards others who represent what they internally conflict with.

What is the relationship between violence and the brain?

The brain plays a crucial role in violent behavior, with specific structures (e.g., amygdala) and neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) being implicated in the regulation of aggression and impulsivity.

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often manifesting as deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and a lack of remorse.

What is psychopathy?

A severe form of antisocial behavior marked by superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy, and extreme egocentricity, often accompanied by impulsive and irresponsible actions.

What is sociopathy?

Shares characteristics with psychopathy but is often viewed as being more influenced by environmental factors. Individuals may still exhibit antisocial behavior, but with a greater propensity for emotional outbursts.

What is privilege?

Unearned advantages and rights afforded to individuals based on characteristics such as race, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status, which can overlap and compound.

What is the masculinity dividend?

The masculinity dividend describes the advantages men receive in various domains of life—economic, social, and political—stemming from societal norms and expectations surrounding masculinity.

What are the six dimensions of stigma?

1. Perceptions of responsibility (beliefs about whether the individual is responsible for their predicament); 2. Perceived danger; 3. Aesthetic dislike (discomfort with appearance); 4. Separation (distancing oneself from the stigmatized); 5. Status loss (the idea that stigma affects a person's position in society); 6. Discrimination.

What is discredited vs. discreditable stigma?

Discredited stigma involves traits that are easily observable (such as a physical disability), while discreditable stigma pertains to traits that are not immediately identifiable (like mental illness), making social identification more complex.

What are strategies for neutralizing stigma?

Strategies for neutralizing stigma, according to Erving Goffman, include acceptance (acknowledging stigma while managing its impact), avoidance (staying away from stigmatizing situations), and rationalization (justifying or minimizing stigma).

How can one protect self-esteem against stigma?

To protect self-esteem against stigma, individuals may develop resilience, seek supportive social networks, and engage in positive self-talk and affirming behaviors that counter negative stereotypes.

What is the ‘looking glass self’?

A concept that suggests individuals form their self-identity based on how they believe others perceive them, which involves reflection and interpretation of external feedback.

What is attributional ambiguity?

Uncertainty experienced by individuals about whether the reactions they receive from others are due to their group identity or their personal characteristics, particularly in contexts of racism or discrimination.

What is courtesy stigma?

The societal stigma that extends not only to the primary individuals who are stigmatized but also to their friends, family, or associates, affecting their social standing and experiences.

What is tokenism?

Involves superficial actions taken to include marginalized individuals in a group or workplace, often without genuine representation or equity, leaving actual power dynamics unchanged.

What is stereotype threat?

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals feel at risk of conforming to negative stereotypes associated with their social group, which can impair their performance in academic and social settings.

What is John Henryism?

John Henryism describes a coping mechanism where individuals engage in high-effort strategies to overcome adversity, often leading to stress-related health problems due to persistent struggle against environmental obstacles.

What is disidentification/disengagement?

Disidentification involves distancing oneself from a devalued social identity to protect self-esteem, while disengagement refers to withdrawing from identification with groups that experience stigma.

What are metastereotypes?

Metastereotypes are the beliefs and perceptions that individuals hold regarding the stereotypes others might have about their own social group, influencing their behavior and self-perception.

What is instrumental aggression?

Goal-directed behavior that is aggressive in nature but occurs as a means to achieve a specific aim, rather than stemming from hostile feelings.

What is hostile aggression?

Hostile aggression is characterized by an emotional response aimed at causing harm or injury to another, often driven by feelings of anger or frustration.

What are the causes/bases of violence?

Causes of violence can include psychological factors (such as trauma), biological influences (like genetic predispositions), and sociological factors (including cultural and environmental stressors).

What neurotransmitters and hormones are associated with violent behavior?

Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, along with hormones such as testosterone and cortisol, play significant roles in regulating mood and aggression, influencing violent behavior.

What are Bandura’s ‘Bobo doll’ studies?

Albert Bandura's 'Bobo doll' studies demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors through observation, emphasizing the role of social learning in behavior development.

What is the myth of ‘pure evil’?

The myth of 'pure evil' simplifies the understanding of violence by portraying perpetrators as inherently malicious, ignoring the nuanced psychological and societal factors that may contribute to their actions.

What is the magnitude gap?

The magnitude gap refers to the discrepancy in perceived harm or severity between different types of violence and how they are socially understood or justified.

What are Baumeister’s four roots of evil?

Baumeister identifies four roots of evil: 1. Narcissism, which involves excessive self-focus and lack of empathy; 2. Ideology, where beliefs justify harmful actions; 3. Sadism, deriving pleasure from causing pain; 4. Unmet needs, where individuals resort to harmful behaviors when needs are not satisfied.

What is the relationship between empathy and psychopathy?

Psychopathy is marked by significantly diminished empathy, which impairs one's ability to connect emotionally with others, facilitating antisocial behaviors.

What is opponent process theory and violence?

Opponent process theory suggests that aggressive and violent behaviors may result from conflicting emotional states, where initial aggressive impulses can provoke compensatory reactions, which may escalate violence.