BIO 114 Lecture Notes

Flashcards for review of BIO 114 lecture notes

Scientific Method

A dynamic process involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimental design, results analysis (statistics, graphs), discussion, and conclusion.

Observation

Use of senses and review of existing literature to gather information.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observation.

Control vs. Experimental Variable

A standard (control) compared to a condition where one factor is different (experimental).

Results

Data analysis using statistical methods and graphical representations.

Discussion

Evaluation of results in the context of the hypothesis.

Conclusion

Confirmation (support) or rejection of hypothesis

Control

Control has everything EXCEPT the variable being tested

Bias

Preconceived notions that can influence scientific objectivity.

Scientific Fraud

Falsifying or manipulating of data.

Biological Hierarchy

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere.

Definition of a Living Cell/Organism

The capacity to independently reproduce without external aid. Viruses and prions do not fit as they need a host.

Life Functions

Nutrition, metabolism, waste elimination, reproduction, growth, environmental interaction, and mobility.

Classification of Biological Entities

Domain, Kingdoms, Classes, Orders, Families, Genus, Species.

Organic Molecule

Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen (covalent bond between C and H).

Inorganic Molecule

Molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen (NH3, H₂O, CO2, HCI, H3PO4, H2SO4).

CHONPS Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium (must be ionic)..

Covalent Bonding

Sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

Ionic bonding

Attraction between positive and negative ions.

Cations

Positively charged ions (Na+).

Anions

Negatively charged ions (Cl-).

Hydrogen Bonding

Bonding between hydrogen and an electronegative element (e.g., water).

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Molecule with a positive and negative end.

Van der Waals Forces

Temporary dipoles; weak interactions.

Functional Groups

-CH3, -OH, O=C-, -NH2, -PO4H, -COOH; affect chemical reactivity, and quality of a molecule

Dehydration

Removal of water to form a bond (anabolic/synthesize larger molecules).

Hydrolysis

Breaking a bond with the addition of water (polymer + H2O -> monomers; catabolic-> break down larger molecules).

Carbohydrates

Glucose; polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin).

Lipids

Substances insoluble in water; function as stored energy and components of membranes and hormones.

Hydrophobic

Non-polar, water insoluble.

Hydrophilic

Polar, water soluble.

Fat

Fatty acid + glycerol -> fat.

Proteins

Monomers: 20 amino acids; polymers with four levels of structure.

Primary Structure (Proteins)

Specific amino acid sequence.

Secondary Structure (Proteins)

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet.

Tertiary Structure (Proteins)

3-D shape/folding into a functional polypeptide.

Quaternary Structure (Proteins)

Two or more polypeptides in association (collagen, hemoglobin).

Nucleic Acids

DNA (double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, ATCG) - contain the blueprints to make polypeptides; RNA (single stranded, ribose sugar, AUCG).

Saturated Lipids

All carbon molecules with single bonds (animal origin).

Unsaturated Lipids

Carbon molecules with double/triple bonds (plant origin).

Denaturation

Breakdown of polypeptide/protein structure; caused by heat, light, salt, acid, base.

Cell Structure

Compartmentalization with organelles.

Golgi Apparatus

Packaging/deployment… vesicle formation: secretory and the transitory vesicle.

Nucleus

Double membrane/nuclear pores/contains genetic material.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (protein syn) v. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (lipid syn).

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis (70% protein, 30% with rRNA).

Mitochondrion

Double membraned, produces energy/double membrane.

Lysosomes

Digestive enzymes/housekeepers.

Peroxisomes

Break down peroxides.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton

Filaments: actin (microfilaments), intermediate, microtubules.

Centrioles

9 triplets microtubule arrangement + 0; become "active" at the brink of cell division.

Flagellum

9 doublets microtubule +2 microtubules in the center); mobility.

Cilia

9 doublets +2; mobility. (paramecium), stereocilia

Extracellular Matrix

(collagen, elastin, keratin, glycoprotein, glycolipids).

Cell Wall

Cellulose: for Plant cells

Cell Envelope

capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, fimbriae, sex pilus), cytoplasm (nucleoid body: 1, 2 chromosomes, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, plasmid).