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Bartelome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who saw the treatment of the Indians to be wrong; instead he advocated using Africans in New Spain because they were more immune to European diseases and they were used to tougher working conditions.

Spain / The Spanish

This country forced Catholicism on the Native Americans.

Spain / The Spanish

This country forced Native Americans to work for them (as slaves).

France / The French

This country introduced Catholicism to the Native Americans but did not force conversion to Catholicism.

France / The French

This country traded with the Native Americans and also intermarried with them (often taking Native Americans wives as a spouse).

England / The English

This country traded with the Native Americans but they did not intermarry with them.

England and Spain / the English and the Spanish

These two countries had the least amount of respect for Native American cultures and had no problem in taking their land away from them.

England / The English

Settlers in Massachusetts initially had good relations with Native Americans and traded with the settlers. Name the European group of settlers.

England / The English

Intermarriage with Native Americans was less common
because most settlers came over in family groups. Name the European group of settlers.

England / The English

This country forced Native Americans to give up their land and pushed them further from the coast. Name the European group of settlers.

Jesuit

Missionaries from France that offered to convert Native Americans to Catholicism if they wanted.

Franciscan

Missionaries from Spain who often forced Native Americans to convert to Catholicism in New Spain.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in present day Mexico.

conquistador

A Spanish conqueror eager for gain personal wealth and fame in the new world.

Encomienda System

A system whereby Spanish conquistadors were given the right to take Native American land and forcibly make groups of Native Americans work for them; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Asiento System

This replaced using Native American slave labor with using African slave labor. It required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain for the African slaves that were imported to the Americas.

middle passage

The sea journey undertaken by enslaved Africans from West Africa to the new world.

peninsulares

A person living in New Spain that was born in Spain (Europe).

criollo

A person living in New Spain that was born in New Spain.

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry.

zambo

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social classes in New Spain.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

The island of San Salvador (in the Bahamas)

What island did Christopher Columbus first reach during his 1492 expedition to India?

The Bahamas

The island of San Salvador is an island in what present day country?

Hispaniola

This is the island where the modern day countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic are located. It was the site of Columbus' second discovery in the new world during his second expedition.

Haiti

The Dominican Republic

Today, the island of Hispaniola is home to two distinct countries. Name both of the countries.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and Europe which followed the discovery and exploration of the Americas.

smallpox, chickenpox, measles, influenza

Name 4 major diseases, which were part of the Columbian Exchange, that decimated Native American populations.

Spanish Franciscan missionaries

They attempted to spread Catholicism throughout Mexico, South America, and the southwest U.S through forced conversion and they stopped the practice of traditional rituals and customs of Native Americans.

Potatoes, tomatoes, corn (maize)

Name 3 crops from America that were sent back to Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange.

Horses, pigs, cattle

Name 3 animals that were brought to the Americas by Europeans as part of the Colombian Exchange.

Compass, printing press, gunpowder

Name some advancements in scientific knowledge and technological change that allowed for European exploration and conquest of the new world.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Later, Catholic nations attempted to explore and settle new areas in the hopes of spreading Catholicism and Protestant nations did the same.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Spain and Portugal

What two nations was the Treaty of Tordesillas between?

nomadic

moving about from place to place usually following a food supply (bison, deer, elk, caribou, wooly mammoths)

Ice Age

A period of extremely cold temperatures when the ocean / sea level actually dropped because so much water was frozen. This drop in sea level exposed land which allowed humans to travel from Asia and into into North America.

land bridge

A strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas

Beringia

An ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from Asia into North America

Alaska

What present day state did the first humans enter into from Asia?

Clovis technology

Advanced toolmaking and hunting implements made of flint and obsidian by Native Americans such as arrowheads and spearheads.

agricultural revolution

The change from food gathering and hunting to growing crops in semi-permanent settlements; this change occurred in the Paleo Native Americans.

Mayan

A civilization of Native Americans in Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar.

Yucatan Peninsula

Area of present day Mexico where the Mayan civilization settled and flourished.

Aztec

This civilization in present day Mexico built a city known as Tenochtitlan (what is present-day Mexico City). The civilization grew maize and engaged in frequent warfare to conquer other adjacent civilizations.

Incas

A civilization of Native Americans that occupied present-day Peru. They developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming in order to sustain large complex societies in the harsh Andes Mountains.

Southwest culture / region

Native American culture that grew crops by using irrigation and lived in stone or clay huts sometimes amongst cliffs. Name the region / culture.

Anasazi

Hohokam

Examples of Native American tribes that were part of the Southwest culture / region.

Anasazi

Ancient Native American culture known for cliff dwellings. They thrived in the Southwest, primarily in the “four corners” where present day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado come together.

Anasazi

What Native American tribe does the picture align with?

Northwest culture / region

Hunters and gatherers, dependent on salmon rich rivers; lived in communal longhouses. Name the culture / region.

Great Basin culture / region

Hunters and gatherers living in the arid region of Utah and Nevada. They acquired horses from the Spanish explorers. Name the culture / region.

Paiute

Ute

Shoshone

Examples of Native American tribes that were a part of the Great Basin culture / region.

Sioux

Cheyenne

Pawnee

Arapaho

Examples of Native American tribes that were part of the Great Plains culture / region.

Mississippian culture

Semi-permanent Native American culture that farmed and hunted and gathered; used the 3 Sisters method of farming. Name the culture.

3 Sisters

corn, beans, squash

These three crops were planted together by Native Americans to promote mutual growth and sustainability.

This agricultural practice was crucial for the success of many Native American societies and were a cornerstone of the agricultural revolution.

Cahokia

Large Mississippian settlement / city near present-day St. Louis. This settlement was home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.

Eastern Woodlands culture / region

Semi-permanent Native American cultures of the forested northeastern U.S. that used agriculture and hunting and gathering to survive.

Iroquois

This tribe was considered to be the strongest eastern woodlands tribe. They were a confederation (alliance) of 5 different tribes; they blended agriculture with hunting and lived in communal villages.

matrilineal society

A type of society in which social identity and transfer of property descend through the female side. Upon marriage a man and woman would go and live with or near the woman’s family. In addition, the brothers of the mother (a child’s uncles) have more influence on raising children than the child’s father.

Eastern Woodland culture / region

The Iroquois tribe belonged to this culture / region.

Iroquois

What eastern tribe was an example of a matrilineal society?

Eastern Moundbuilding culture / settlements

Hunter and gatherer Native American culture that built large raised hills / banks of earth to bury their dead or honor various various deities / gods. Name the region / culture.

Hopewell

Adena

A specific tribe centered in the Ohio River Valley that built earthen hills / banks to bury their dead or honor gods.