AP EXAM 3

Digestive and nutrition

What are the general functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

What structures allow the stomach to distend?

Rugae

Which structure produces bile? Is this the same structure that secretes bile?

The liver produces bile. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile.

The small intestine has a similar-looking structure to the stomach. What is its name? Is its function for distension?

Circular folds (plicae circulares); their function is to increase surface area for absorption, not distension.

List the four types of teeth and their general functions. It can be as simple as “grinding, tearing, etc.”

Incisors (cutting), Cuspids/Canines (tearing), Bicuspids/Premolars (crushing/mashing), Molars (grinding).

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

the cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pyloric region

What structure marks the beginning of the digestive tract? What structure marks the end?

Start: Oral cavity (mouth); End: Anus.

Mucous cells are present in the GI tract from the ________________ forward.

stomach

The ____________ are composed of peritoneal membrane and function to suspend the organs, as well as carrying nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels.

Mesenteries

List the three phases of deglutition in order. Using just a few words, describe the major landmarks of each phase.

1) Buccal phase, voluntary, bolus to pharynx. 2) Pharyngeal phase, involuntary, bolus to esophagus. 3) Esophageal phase, peristalsis, moves bolus to stomach.

Which pair of salivary glands produce the largest proportion of secretions?

Submandibular glands produce about 70% of saliva.

Describe mechanical digestion and the locations where it occurs.

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food, occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

Describe chemical digestion. List the locations where it occurs.

Chemical digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of food, occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

Name the enzyme(s) specific for digestion of carbohydrates. From where is it/are they secreted?

Salivary amylase (salivary glands), pancreatic alpha-amylase (pancreas).

Name the enzyme(s) specific for digestion of proteins. From where is it/are they secreted?

Pepsinogen (chief cells in stomach, activated by HCl to pepsin), trypsin and chymotrypsin (pancreas).

Name the enzyme(s) specific for digestion of lipids. From where is it/are they secreted?

Lingual lipase (tongue), gastric lipase (stomach), pancreatic lipase (pancreas).

Where are nutrients absorbed?

Small intestine (primarily jejunum).

Where is water absorbed?

 Large intestine

Where are (certain) drugs and alcohol absorbed?

Inferior to tongue (sublingual area) and stomach.

Name the cells that secrete gastrin

Name the cells that secrete pepsinogen

Name the cells that secrete hydrochloric acid

Name the cells that secrete CCK

Name the cells that secrete GIP

Name the cells that secrete Insulin

Name the cells that secrete Glucagon

Name the cells that secrete somatostatin

 What constitutes obesity?

Being 20% over ideal weight for males, 24% for females, or having a BMI of 30 or more.

List some reasons/locations where body fat is important.

Fat provides insulation, energy storage, cushions organs, and aids in hormone synthesis.

List the fat soluble vitamins and their general functions.

A (vision), D (calcium absorption), E (antioxidant), K (blood clotting).

List the water soluble vitamins and their general functions.

B vitamins (metabolism, red blood cell formation), C (collagen synthesis, immune function).

Define BMR

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person.

1g of carbohydrate provides roughly _____________ calories.

4.18 Cal/g

1g of fat provide roughly ______________ calories.

9.46 Cal/g

1g of protein provides roughly _________________ calories.

4.32 Cal/g

List, in order, the structures of the alimentary canal.

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine (Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum) → Large Intestine (Cecum → Colon → Rectum) → Anus.

What is emulsification?

the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for enzymes

What is salivary amylase?

Enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins carbohydrate digestion

what is gingiva?

Gums; surround base of teeth

what is lingual lipase?

Enzyme secreted by tongue that begins lipid digestion

What is mastication?

Chewing, mechanical breakdown of food

What is occlusal surface?

the surface of a tooth that makes contact with the opposite tooth

What is deciduous teeth?

baby teeth, first set of 20 teeth

what is Deglutition?

Swallowing, consists of buccal, pharyngeal and esophageal phases.

what is bolus

soft mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed

what is chyme

semi-liquid food mixed with digestive secretions in the stomach

what is gastric juice

mix of HCL, enzymes, and mucus secreted by the stomach

what is intestinal juice

secretions from small intestine aiding digesting and absorption

what is pancreatic juice

alkaline fluid with enzymes from pancreas that aid in digesting

what is GIP

gastric inhibitory peptide, slows gastric activity, stimulates insulin

what is CKK

cholecystokinin, stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme release

what is trypsin

protein-digesting enzyme from pancreas, activated in small intestine

what is chymotriopsinogen

inactive enzymes from pancreas activated to chymotrypsin for protein digestion

what is bile

digestive secretion from liver aiding lipid emulsification

what is BMI

body mass index, weight to height ratio used to assess healthy body weight

what is essential amino acids

amino acids that must be obtained from diet

what is high glycemic index foods

foods that cause a rapid spike in blood glucose levels

what are the four main organs of alimentary canal

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine