5 mm- largest phytoplankton, 2 flagella for movement
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cyanobacteria
.00005 mm-.04 mm, photosynthetic
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microflagellates
.01 mm, many other groups of flagellated phytoplankton
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radiolarian
silica shells
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foraminifera
calcium carbonate shells
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copepods
phytoplankton grazers, “smell” chemical plumes
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euphausiids
small crustaceans, zooplankton, krill- light sensitive
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chaetognaths
predatory worms
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ctenophores
engulf prey using their sticky cells
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salps
tunicates- enclosed in a tunic with openings at either side, pump water thru gelatinous bodies
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appendicularians (oikopleura)
mucus house builders
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crab larvae
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polychaete larvae
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barnacle cyprid
last larval stage before adulthood, its role is to find a suitable place for settlement
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ichtyoplankton
eggs and larvae of fish
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riftia larvae
giant tubeworm larval stage
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echinoderm larvae
bilaterally symmetrical
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barnacles
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mussels
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sea stars
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anemone
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sea urchins
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chitons
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hydrothermal vent giant tubeworms
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pompeii worms
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hagfish
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osedax
bone boring worm
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brain coral
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branching coral
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salmon
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flounder
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sculpin
rocky intertidal type of fish
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ratfish
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shark
elasmobranch fish characterized by cartilaginous skeleton, 5-7 gill slits, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head
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rockfish
cod fish of the Salish Sea
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sea otter
exclusively marine
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river otter
endemic to North america
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blue whale
baleen- largest animal that exists
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orca
largest oceanic dolphin
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narwhal
small arctic whale, male has a horn
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sea lion
pinnipeds- external ear flaps, ability to walk on all fours, short/thick hair, big chest/belly
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harbor seal
pinniped species- no visible ears
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walrus
large pinniped mammal
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manatee
herbivorous sea cows
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why is there so much phytoplankton diversity?
there is variation in the types of nutrients they require, preferred temp, different levels etc, different phytoplankton thrive in different areas
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why are small phytoplankton better?
sink slower, more efficient photosynthesis, more rapid reproduction
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why is Puget Sound so productive?
balance of mixing/stratification, nutrients from inflow of rivers, lots of upwelling
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How can you estimate phytoplankton population and zooplankton grazing with the dilution method?
increasing dilution separates the phytoplankton, makes it harder for zooplankton to graze and makes it possible to calculate grazing rate per capita
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Why do zooplankton perform diel vertical migration?
during the night they eat at the surface, during the day they avoid predation at the bottom
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what causes vertical zonation patterns of benthos on rocky intertidal shorelines?
biological stress vs physical stress-higher on the shoreline means less water access, but the lower you go the more predators there are
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How do whale falls serve as stepping stones for the dispersal of hydrothermal vent organisms?
large sources of nutrients- hydrothermal vent organisms use them as a temporary feeding place for larva to catapult the next generation closer to another hydrothermal vent
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Why else are whale carcasses important to the deep sea?
they serve as nutrients and food sources in the deep sea
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why is deep sea benthic species diversity so high?
long lived, stable habitat, large habitat area, intermediate predation, high level of food, highly complex habitat, heterogeneous food resources
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what roles do microbes and viruses play in marine ecosystems?
they act as decomposers; they alter interactions within ecosystems/further natural selection
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what is the microbial loop and how does it affect carbon transfer to higher trophic levels and the cycling of nutrients?
a trophic pathway where dissolved organic carbon is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton
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explain how the processes of stratification and upwelling influence ocean productivity.
limits productivity, increases productivity
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marine food webs structure
bottom up and top down processes
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feeding patterns of seals
eats herring in the winter+spring, salmon in summer+fall
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Identify sources and sinks of plastics in the open ocean and PCBs in the Salish Sea
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causes and consequences of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ecosystems
fossil fuels release CO2, which is taken into the ocean and becomes carbonic acid that releases ions. ions cause the acidity of the ocean to increase which causes coral bleaching and lower aragonite levels. this negatively affects calcifiers who rely on CaCO3 to build shells, in environments without CaCO3 shells deteriorate.
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feeding patterns of sea lions
eat everything from fish to octopi to bivalves, they will station themselves below dams at salmon output areas
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feeding patterns of orcas
eat everything, but especially salmon, determined by location
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feeding patterns of manatees
eat sea grass, completely herbivorous
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feeding patterns of dugongs
eat eelgrass, completely herbivorous
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bottom up food web
more dependent on the lowest trophic level to be sustained
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top down food web
not as reliant on lower trophic levels to be sustained
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why are fish and whale communities bottom up?
they rely heavily on phytoplankton communities to thrive
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which top predatory animals exert top down control?