Bio Unit 1- Ch 2: Varity of Living Organisms

5 Kingdoms

1. Animals

2. Plants

3. Fungi

4. Protoctists

5. Prokaryotes

   (First four can be grouped as eukaryotes)

Eukaryotes

• multicellular or single-celled

• animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes

• contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane

Prokaryotes

• always single-celled

• do not contain a nucleus

• nuclear material is instead found in the cytoplasm

• bacteria are prokaryotes

Animals

• multicellular

• contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane

• cells do not have cellular cell walls

• their cells do not contain chloroplasts (can’t carry out photosynthesis)

• feed on organic substances made by other living things (heterotrophic)

• store carbohydrates as glycogen

• usually have nervous coordination

• are able to move from place to place (locomotion)

animal cell functions

nucleus: contains the genetic material which controls the activities of the cell

cytoplasm: supports internal cell structures and sit of many chemical reactions including anaerobic respiration

cell membrane: holds the cell together, separating the inside of the cell from the outside. controls which substance can enter and leave the cell

Plants

• multi-cellular

• contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane

• have cell wall made of cellulose

• cells contain chloroplast (so they can carry out photosynthesis)

• feed by photosynthesis

• store carbs as starch or sucrose

• do not have nervous coordination

Plant cell functions:

cell wall: made of cellulose and gives cell extra support, defining its shape

chloroplasts: contain green chlorophyll pigments (to absorbs light energy) and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis

permanent vacuole: contains cell sap; a solution of sugars and salt, used for storage of certain materials, also helps support the shape of cell

Fungi

• usually multi-cellular but can be single-celled (e.g. yeast

• multicellular fungi are mainly made up of thread-like structures known as hyphae that contain many nuclei and are organized into a network known as mycelium

• cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane

• cells have cell walls made of chitin

• cells do not contain chloroplasts (cannot carry out photosynthesis)

• feed be secreting extracellular digestive enzymes onto usually decaying food, then absorbing the digested molecules (saprotrophic nutrition)

• some fungi are parasitic and feed on living material

• some fungi store carbs as glycogen

• do not have nervous coordination

• examples of fungi include molds, mushroom, and yeast

Protoctists

• very diverse kingdom that don’t belong in any of the other eukaryotic kingdoms

• mainly microscopic and single-celled but some group together into larger forms like colonies or chains of cells that form filaments

• cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane

• some have features making them more like animals cells (e.g. plasmodium)

• some have features such as cell walls and chloroplast making them similar to plant cells (e.g. green algae)

• some protoctists with chloroplast photosynthesize

• some feed on organic substances made by other living things

• do not have nervous coordination

• examples of protoctists include: amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium