Organic Chemistry Week One

proton

positive

neutron

neutral

electron

negative

atomic number (Z)

number of protons

isotopes

atom of the same element, but with different mass numbers

quantum mechanics

the story of where electrons are located

orbitals

3D area that represents where an electron is most likely to be located

4 orbital types

s, p, d, f

s shaped orbital

sphere

p shaped orbital

dumbbell

node

area of no electron density

electrons arrange themselves into _____ around the nucleus

shells

ground state electron configuration

lowest energy arrangement of orbitals occupied by electrons

how do electrons fill orbitals?

aufbau’s principle, pauli exculsion principle, and hund’s rule

aufbau’s principle

electrons fill orbitals in order of energy

pauli exculsion principle

2 electrons in each orbital and have opposite spins

hund’s rule

if 2 or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available, 1 electron occupies each with spins parallel until all are half full

inner shell electrons are considered ____ electrons

core

outer shell electrons are considered _____ electrons

valence

ionic bonding

atoms that lose or gain electrons to form charged species (ions), than attract each other electrostatically

covalent bonding

bond is formed by a shared pair of electrons

molecule

neutrally charged collection of atoms held together by a covalent bond

valence bond theory

covalent bond forms when 2 atoms approach each other closely and a singly occupied orbital of 1 atom overlaps a singly occupied orbital on the other atom

sigma bond

formed by end to end overlap of orbitals energy is released when a bond is formed

Linus Pauling

the s orbital and the 3p orbitals combine to form equivalent orbitals w/ tetrahedral orientation