Naturopathy Lecture Notes Review: Respiratory, Circulatory, Immune, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated directly from the lecture transcript covering core terminology across human organ systems.

Nasal Septum

The wall of bone and cartilage that divides the two nasal passages.

Olfactory Nerve

The first cranial nerve and the shortest sensory nerve, which begins in the brain and ends in the nose to enable the sense of smell.

Mediastinum

The area located between the lungs containing the heart, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes, but excluding the lungs.

Larynx

The voice box situated in the middle of the neck above the trachea and esophagus, whose main function is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food.

Pulmonary Veins

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.

Diastole

The heart relaxation phase during which oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium and oxygen-poor blood from organs enters the right atrium.

Systole

The cardiac phase in which the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles while heart valves close off to prevent reentry into the atria.

Chyle

A milky white fluid containing fats and lymph formed in the small intestine during digestion.

Pulmonary Artery

The only artery system in the human body that transports deoxygenated blood.

Sinoatrial Node

A regulatory mechanism that triggers and controls each heartbeat, allowing the rate to accelerate or slow down.

Toxemia

A state characterized by a high retention of stagnant waste in the body, as described by hygienist John H. Tilden.

Granulocytes

Phagocytes that serve as the first line of immune defense against bacteria by swallowing and digesting foreign objects.

Macrophage

An immune cell (meaning 'big eater') that locates germs like bacteria or viruses and cleans up dead cell debris.

Antibody

A specific protective protein that locks onto and neutralizes specific invaders like bacteria or viruses.

Pineal Gland

A pea-sized endocrine gland located in the center of the brain that secretes melatonin, arginine, and serotonin to regulate biological rhythms.

Calcitonin

A hormone triggered by elevated blood calcium levels that helps regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

Chyme

An acidic food paste produced by stomach digestion, which is subsequently neutralized by alkaline bile and pancreatic juices.

Epiglottis

A structure in the pharynx that closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the bronchi.

Secretin

A digestive hormone that prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice, stimulates pepsin production in the stomach, and induces bile secretion in the liver.

Angle of His

An anatomical structure located at the gastroesophageal junction that functions to prevent acid reflux into the esophagus.