Pharmacology: CNS Depressants and Diabetes Medications

A collection of flashcards based on lecture notes covering CNS depressants, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, and diabetes management medications.

What are CNS depressants?

• examples

CNS depressants are substances that reduce brain activity and can cause drowsiness or relaxation.

Benozos, barb, anticonvulsants, sedatives

Why might natural dietary supplements not always be considered safe?

Natural does not equal safe; some active chemicals can be as strong as prescription medications.

What are some potential risks associated with dietary supplements?

Dietary supplements can cause allergic reactions, interact with prescriptions, and may have side effects.

When treating with corticosteroids, what should be avoided?

Live vaccines should be avoided due to the suppressed immune response.

What is a primary adverse effect of long-term corticosteroid use?

Suppression of the immune system.

What should be monitored when a patient is on corticosteroids?

Weight gain, blood pressure, and signs of infection.

What is the importance of gradually tapering corticosteroid dosage?

To prevent adrenal atrophy from lack of stimulation.

Describe metabolic changes caused by corticosteroids.

Corticosteroids can lead to fat redistribution, fluid retention, and weight gain.

What type of corticosteroid is commonly used for replacement therapy?

Glucocorticoids.

What is the function of glucocorticoids?

To provide anti-inflammatory effects and replace deficient hormones in adrenal insufficiency.

What screening should be done prior to corticosteroid therapy?

Monitor for hypertension and blood glucose levels.

What dietary considerations are important for patients on corticosteroids?

Ensure adequate potassium intake and monitor sodium levels.

What are the primary functions of the thyroid gland?

Regulation of metabolism, heart rate, and temperature control.

How does the hypothalamus interact with the pituitary gland?

The hypothalamus releases TRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH.

What indicates effective treatment for hypothyroidism?

Normal TSH levels.

What should be avoided when using thyroid hormones?

Anticoagulants may need dose adjustments due to interactions with thyroid hormones.

Identify a common medication used for hypothyroidism.

Levothyroxine.

What is a common side effect of the medication Propylthiouracil?

Agranulocytosis.

What is the difference between the Somogyi effect and the Dawn phenomenon?

The Somogyi effect is hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia; the Dawn phenomenon is morning hyperglycemia.

What is the onset time for rapid-acting insulin?

15 minutes.

How should regular insulin be administered?

By subcutaneous injection or intravenously.

When is the best time to administer rapid-acting insulin?

30 minutes before meals.

What are the potential adverse effects of insulin therapy?

Hypoglycemia, weight gain, and injection site reactions.

What characteristics should you monitor with Sulfonylureas?

Monitor for prolonged hypoglycemia and interactions with other drugs.

What is the role of Metformin in diabetes management?

It improves insulin sensitivity and reduces liver glucose production.

What patient condition contraindicates Metformin?

Impaired renal function.

What dietary recommendation is common for managing diabetes?

Consuming a balanced diet with adequate fiber and controlling carbohydrate intake.

What is lactic acidosis, and who is at risk?

A serious complication that can occur in patients predisposed to hypoxemia or dehydration.

In terms of medication, what is the role of potassium in patients treated with corticosteroids?

Potassium levels should be monitored as corticosteroids can cause potassium wasting.

What symptoms indicate hypoglycemia?

Sweating, trembling, dizziness, and confusion.

What is the purpose of monitoring Hemoglobin A1C?

To assess blood glucose levels over a period of time.

Why is regular rotation of insulin injection sites important?

To prevent lipodystrophy and other skin complications.

How do corticosteroids affect wound healing postoperatively?

Corticosteroids delay wound healing due to their anti-inflammatory effects.

What is a common side effect of glucocorticoids?

Osteoporosis and behavioral changes.

What is the significance of the negative feedback loop in thyroid hormone regulation?

It helps maintain balance in hormone levels by signaling the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Identify an example of a long-acting insulin.

Lantus.

What patient factors should be considered before initiating corticosteroid therapy?

History of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues.

What is the recommended dosage adjustment for corticosteroids if the patient has acute inflammation?

Start with a loading dose and gradually taper down.

Define mineralocorticoids and their function.

Mineralocorticoids help regulate sodium and water balance in the body.

What should a patient avoid when being treated with potassium-wasting diuretics and corticosteroids?

Excessive potassium loss and monitoring intake.

What are the key points in managing patients with diabetes on insulin therapy?

Monitor blood sugar levels, ensure proper administration timings, and educate about the signs of hypo/hyperglycemia.

How might corticosteroids affect fluid retention?

They may lead to increased fluid retention causing symptoms like moon face and hypertension.

What dietary elements should be consumed to manage cholesterol and cardiovascular risks in diabetes?

High fiber foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

What should patients be educated on regarding weight management while on glucocorticoids?

Expect weight gain but manage caloric intake to minimize increases.

What is the relationship between thyroid function and cardiovascular status?

Thyroid hormones influence heart rate and metabolism, which are critical for cardiovascular health.

What lab tests are important to monitor when a patient is on thyroid medication?

TSH, Free T4, and Free T3 levels.

What should be done if a patient presents with symptoms of heavy glucose fluctuations?

Check their blood glucose levels and adjust their insulin regimen accordingly.

Why should adrenal insufficiency be addressed before initiating corticosteroids?

To prevent adrenal crisis due to suppressed adrenal function.

What other medications can interact with corticosteroids?

Anticoagulants, certain antibiotics, and other diabetes medications.

What dietary advice should be given to patients taking Metformin?

Encourage a balanced diet with regular meal timing to prevent gastrointestinal side effects.

How often should blood pressure be monitored in patients on corticosteroid therapy?

Regularly, at least once a week or as directed by a healthcare provider.

What are the signs of congestive heart failure related to corticosteroid use?

Fluid retention, weight gain, and increased shortness of breath.

What chronic conditions must be monitored in patients receiving glucocorticoids?

Hypertension, diabetes, and signs of infection.

What is the mechanism of action of insulin?

Insulin lowers blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.

How does oral hypoglycemic therapy relate to weight management in diabetes?

Some oral hypoglycemics can lead to weight gain, so diet management is crucial.

What should patients be aware of if they are using beta-blockers and insulin?

Beta-blockers may mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

What should a patient do in the event of a missed insulin dose?

They should check their blood glucose and administer insulin if necessary, following their personalized plan.

Identify an important lab value to monitor in a patient taking insulin.

Blood glucose levels.

What role do glucagon and insulin play in blood sugar regulation?

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels, while insulin lowers them.

What advice should be given to patients with diabetes regarding exercise?

Consistent monitoring of blood glucose before and after exercise is crucial.

What is meant by hepatic metabolism in the context of drug therapy?

The liver metabolizes drugs, influencing their effectiveness and potential side effects.

What are the implications of altered liver function on pharmacology?

Impaired liver function can lead to increased drug toxicity and altered drug responses.

What is the role of patient education in effective diabetes management?

Empowers patients to monitor their condition, recognize signs of hypo/hyperglycemia, and adhere to treatment.

Why might a patient experience fatigue and confusion if they miss breakfast and have diabetes?

The lack of food intake can lead to low blood sugar levels, causing these symptoms.

How can dietary supplements potentially interact with prescribed medications?

They can enhance or inhibit the effectiveness of medications, leading to serious side effects.

What is needed for effective glucocorticoid therapy?

A thorough patient history and monitoring for side effects.

What should be included in a patient's management plan on corticosteroids?

Dosage adjustments, monitoring for adverse effects, and diet modifications.

What immediate action should be taken if a diabetic patient is hypoglycemic?

Administer quick-acting glucose or carbohydrates.

How does long-term corticosteroid therapy affect body composition?

It can induce fat redistribution, particularly in the face and abdomen.

What are the educational points for patients on thyroid replacement therapy?

Medication adherence, consistent lab monitoring, and symptom awareness.

What instructions should be provided for both oral and hypoglycemic agents?

Take as prescribed, monitor blood sugar levels, and maintain consistent dietary habits.

What adjustments may be required for patients on multiple medications?

Close monitoring for interactions and dose adjustments based on lab results.

Describe conditions requiring careful management in diabetes therapy.

Comorbidities like heart disease, renal issues, and hypertension must be managed carefully.

What precautions should all patients on insulin take?

Educate them on recognition and management of hypoglycemia.

What does it mean if a patient's TSH levels are low?

It indicates that thyroid hormone levels are adequate, signaling that the treatment is effective.

Why is it important to assess cardiovascular status in patients using thyroid hormones?

Thyroid hormones can affect heart rate and rhythm, impacting overall cardiovascular health.

What other health conditions may complicate the treatment of diabetes?

Cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, and liver dysfunction.

What is dizziness a sign of in the context of hypoglycemia?

It indicates a drop in blood glucose levels, requiring immediate assessment.

What risk factors should be monitored when a patient is on glucocorticoids?

Weight gain, blood pressure, diabetes onset, and signs of infection.

What are the implications of metabolic changes in patients using corticosteroids?

They can impact overall health, requiring careful monitoring and lifestyle adjustments.

What physiological effects can result from corticosteroid use?

Increased appetite, mood swings, fluid retention, and potential skin changes.

How can chronic corticosteroid use affect bone health?

It can lead to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk.

What can be done to mitigate the effects of cortosteriods on the immune system?

Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary.

How does patient lifestyle and diet play a role in diabetes management?

Healthy eating and physical activity help maintain blood glucose levels and overall health.