________ and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin wanted to determine whether kinetochore microtubules depolymerize at the kinetochore end or the pole end as chromosomes move toward the poles during mitosis.
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genetic material
The ________ (DNA) of a cell- its genome- is partitioned among chromosomes.
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method of asexual reproduction
A(n) ________ in single- celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells.
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metastatic tumors
To treat known or suspected ________, chemotherapy is used, in which drugs that are toxic to actively dividing cells are administered through the circulatory system.
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control point
A(n) ________ in the cell cycle where stop and go- ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
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kinetochore
The ________ acts as a that attaches the motor of the spindle to the cargo that it moves- the chromosome.
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Mitosis
________ is usually followed by cytokinesis.
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eukaryotic cells
The process of nuclear division in ________ is conventionally divided into five stages.
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meiosis
Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or ________ II.
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local regulator
(2) A(n) ________ that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
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prokaryotic cell
A(n) ________ often has a singular, circular chromosome, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.
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Regulation of the cell cycle
________ is carried out by a molecular system, including proteins called cyclins and other proteins that are kinases.
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S phase
During ________, DNA replication produces sister chromatids, which persist during G2 of interphase and through prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase of mitosis.
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interphase
During ________, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase.
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BIG IDEAS
________: The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle in which genetic information from a parent cell is passed on to daughter cells.
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nuclear envelope fragments
The ________ and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (the second stage of mitosis)
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Daughter nuclei
________ are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun (the fifth and final stage of mitosis)
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cell division
Bacterial ________ by binary fission: The bacterium E. coli, shown here, has a single, circular chromosome.
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G1
There are three major checkpoints in the control system, found in ________, G2, and M phases in a normal cell cycle.
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Chromatin
________: The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes.
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University of Colorado
Experiment: Researchers at the ________ wondered whether a cells progression through the cell cycle is controlled by cytoplasmic molecules.
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structure present
A(n) ________ in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule- organizing center and is important during cell division.
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Chromosomes
________ condense as a part of cell division, and each chromatin fiber becomes densely coiled and folded, making the ________ shorter and thicker.
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Gametes
________ unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
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complex of DNA
The ________ and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
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structure of proteins
A(n) ________ attached to the centrosome that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
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radial array
A(n) ________ of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.
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chromatid arms
The chromosome has four ________.
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sister chromatids
The mitotic spindle at metaphase: The kinetochores of each chromosomes two ________ face in opposite directions.
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light microscope
When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a(n) ________.
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Unicellular organisms
________ reproduce by cell division; multicellular organisms depend on cell division for their development from a fertilized egg and for growth and repair.
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somatic cells
A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its ________.
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external DNA
When the ________ is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
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movement of chromosomes
An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that are involved in the ________ during mitosis.
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separate daughter cells
The division of the cytoplasm to form two ________ immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.
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DNA
Chromosome: A cellular structure consisting of one ________ molecule and associated protein molecules.
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Centrosome
________: A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule- organizing center and is important during cell division (moves away during prophase)
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binary fission
During ________ in bacteria, the chromosome replicates and the daughter chromosomes actively move apart.
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M phase
In the ________, mitosis distributes the daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
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prokaryotic cell division
Since prokaryotes preceded eukaryotes by more than a billion years, it is likely that mitosis evolved from ________.
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Checkpoints
________ allow cellular surveillance mechanisms to determine whether the cell is prepared to go to the next stage.
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growth factor
A(n) ________ made by blood cell fragments called platelets is required to divide cultures of fibroblasts.
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eukaryotic chromosome
Each ________ consists of one DNA molecule associated with many proteins.
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PDGF signals
________ cells by binding to a cell- surface receptor that then becomes phosphorylated, activating it so that it sends a signal.
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G1 checkpoint
The ________, called the "restriction point "in mammalian cells, determines whether a cell will complete the cell cycle and divide or switch into the G0 phase.
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Centriole
________: A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
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eukaryotic cell cycle
The ________ is composed of and _.
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internal signals
Both ________ and external signals control the cell cycle checkpoints via signal transduction pathways.
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genetic material
The ________ of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organisms or viruss genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.
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Mitosis
________ in a plant cell: These light micrographs show ________ in cells of an onion root.
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BIG IDEAS
The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle in which genetic information from a parent cell is passed on to daughter cells
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Chromosome
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules
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Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes
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Centromere
Most closely attached
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Chromatid
Each of the strands from the chromosome (1 chromatid in a chromosome, a duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids)
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Centriole
A centrosome has a pair of centrioles
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Centrosome
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division (moves away during prophase)
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Eukaryotic chromosomes
Chromosomes (stained purple) are visible within the nucleus of this cell from an African blood lily
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Differentiate between these terms
chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid
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Between divisions, a cell is in interphase
the G1, S, and G2 phases
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The Cell Cycle
In a dividing cell, the mitotic (M) phase alternates with interphase, a growth period
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The mitotic spindle at metaphase
The kinetochores of each chromosomes two sister chromatids face in opposite directions
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Mitosis in a plant cell
These light micrographs show mitosis in cells of an onion root
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Bacterial cell division by binary fission
The bacterium E. coli, shown here, has a single, circular chromosome
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Mechanisms of cell division
Some unicellular eukaryotes existing today have mechanisms of cell division that may resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis (Dinoflagellates)
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Mechanisms of cell division
Some unicellular eukaryotes existing today have mechanisms of cell division that may resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis (Diatoms and some yeasts)
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In bacterial binary fission, its the opposite
Tubulin-like molecules are thought to act in daughter cell separation, and actin-like molecules are thought to move the daughter bacterial chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell
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Experiment
Researchers at the University of Colorado wondered whether a cells progression through the cell cycle is controlled by cytoplasmic molecules
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Conclusion
The results of fusing a G1 cell with a cell in the S or M phase of the cell cycle suggest that molecules present in the cytoplasm during the S or M phase control the progression to those phases
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Mechanical analogy for the cell cycle control system
In this diagram of the cell cycle, the flat "stepping stones" around the perimeter represent sequential events
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Two Important Checkpoints
At certain checkpoints in the cell cycle (red gates), cells do different things depending on the signals they receive
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Density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence of cell division (cells shown are disproportionately large)
Normal Mammalian Cells
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Density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence of cell division (cells shown are disproportionately large)
Cancer Cells
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The growth and metastasis of a malignant breast tumor
A series of genetic and cellular changes contribute to a tumor becoming malignant (cancerous)
Studied by 17 people
Note 
Flashcard (85)