Chapter 6: Adolescence Part 1- Physical growth, and health

What is the period during which the sexual organs mature, and sexual characteristics appear.

Puberty

Pituitary gland signals brain, signaling endocrine glands that produces hormones during what?

Puberty

What is leptin?

Growth hormone for body

Where is leptin produced?

In the pituitary gland

The Onset of menstruation is called what?

Menarche

Early menarche could occur due to:

Better nourishment- Higher body fat- Psychological stress

Early onset of puberty is a:

secular trend, a pattern of change occurring over several generations

Development of reproductive organs and related structures Eg: Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube is called what?

Primary sexual characteristics

Visible signs of maturity, not directly involving the sex organs Eg: Breasts, body hair, wider hips is called what?

Secondary sexual characteristics

The first ejaculation is called what?

Spermarche

What are the Primary sexual characteristics in boys during puberty?

prostate gland, penis, seminal vesicles, testes maturation

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in boys during puberty?

development of facial hair, vocal cords, adam’s apple, jawline

What are some mood surges that can occur in puberty with boys?

mood swings - irritation, anger, depression

Onset of puberty could help increase:

self-awareness and self-esteem as young adults

Puberty is accompanied by increased in

body fat, leading to embarrassment, changes which may not be discussed with family

Early maturation in boys might receive:

a positive response by peers as compared to girls

Early maturation in boys associated with:

higher popularity/desirability/self-esteem

What are the negatives with early maturation in terms of academia?

scholastic failures and delinquent tendencies

Late maturation in boys is associated with:

assertiveness, insightfulness and creativeness.

What are some negatives in late maturation in boys?

smaller and lighter frame, disadvantageous in sports, embarrassment

Early maturation in girls might lead to:

feelings of discomfort, but also increase in popularity.

Late maturation in girls may be overlooked in:

dating and popularity circles

What is growth like in the skeletal system during adolescence?

5-13 cm growth each year • Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns reversed. • Facial bones become prominent

What is growth like in the heart and lungs system during adolescence?

Larger heart and lung sizes • Bigger lung capacity and endurance in males • Obesity rate in adolescents has increased from 3 to 10% in recent year (Roberts et al., 2012)

What is growth like in the muscular system during adolescence?

Thicker and denser • Increased strength • Females develop incredible fine motor skills earlier than males

What is growth like in the brain and nervous system during adolescence?

Synaptogenesis and pruning still occur at a slow rate • Grey matter volume peaks earlier in females • White matter volume steadily increases.

What happens to the corpus callosum in adolescence?

Increases in volume in it as well as speech related areas

Prefrontal cortex undergoes:

a prolonged developed, still developing during adolescence

Limbic system is more developed than:

PFC, thus emotional rewards might drive risky decisions; lack of self-regulation

A desire to experience increased levels of arousal or ‘highs’ is called:

Sensation seeking behaviour

What contributes to risk taking?

✓ Immature PFC aided impulse control ✓ Dopamine rush or thrills ✓ Sense of autonomy ✓ Peer acceptance ✓ Media influence

Reckless driving and car accidents is a leading cause of death (38-40%) among:

Canadian adolescents aged 15-19 years

What changes in eating occurs in adolescence?

Increased calorie intake increases dramatically.

What are the extremes of eating disorders seen in adolescence?

Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa

What is Anorexia nervosa?

Severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat.

What is Bulimia nervosa?

Eating disorder involving binge eating and purging

What are threats to adolescent health?

Sleep deprivation, drug use, alcohol, smoking

Drugs that lead to biological and psychological dependence in users is called:

Addictive drugs

What is addictive drug use associated with?

cognitive deficits, withdrawal effects, deaths from overdose

What is the false consensus effect; seen in peer pressure?

Thinking what others do is okay even if this is false

What can alcoholism do?

can aggravate its neurotoxic effects; reduces tissue volume from PFC and cerebellum - Impaired cognitive functioning and motor coordination.

What is smoking associated with?

Respiratory issues, cancer, psychological dependence, future smoking habit

nicotine can serve as a gateway drug to:

other substances

High sexual activity correlated with lower interest in:

academics in adolescents

Those with conservative or religious ideals may choose to

abstain

Alcohol consumption is associated with

sexual activity (22%)

Programs providing information, motivation to practice safe-sex which have been found to be effective are called?

Sex Education

What is an infection that is spread through sexual contact?

STI

STI infection rates for female adolescents is:

18/1000

50% of all teenage pregnancies among Canadian females are:

terminated (McKay, 2013)

Adolescent females may not be physically or mentally ready to

have a child

Teenage mothers more likely to have

lower financial stability and low mental health.