Animal/Plant Cell Terminology (Chpt. 4)

The Cytosol

Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton

Network of 3 types of protein filaments (mictrotubules, intermediate, and actin), aid in shape and movement

Chromosome

In nucleus, composed of DNA and proteins (chromatin)

Nuclear Matrix

Nuclear lamina and an internal nuclear matrix. Filamentous network and organizes chromosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules (or cisternae). ER membrane encloses a single compartment called the ER lumen

Rough ER

Studed with ribosomes. Involved in secretion, protein synthesis, and sorting of proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, or extracellular environment. Proteins are packaged into membrane vesicles and moved to different locations. Inserts protein into ER membrane. Attaches carbs to proteins and lipids (glycosylation)

Smooth ER

Involved in metabolism (detoxification from alcohol, ethanol, etc). Carbohydrate metabolism, storage of calcium ions, lipid synthesis, and modification

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flattened membrane - bounded compartments. Transporting, modifying, secretion, and packaging proteins and lipids

Lysosomes

Contains acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis. Many different types of acid hydrolases to break down protein, carbs, nucleic acids, and lipids. Macromolecules are degraded

Vacuoles

Functions are extremely varied, and they differ among cell types and environmental conditions. Mainly used for storage and waste disposal

Central Vacuoles

In plants, storage and support

Contractile Vacuoles

In protists for expelling excess water

Phagocytic Vacuoles

In protists and white blood cells, used for degradation

Peroxisomes

Catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

Glysosomes

In plant seeds. Similar to peroxisomes. Converts fats to storage

Plasma Membrane

Boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment. Membrane transport, cell signaling, and cell adhesion. Movement of substances in and out of the cell. Double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins

Mitochondria

Primary role is to make ATP. Inner membrane is highly folded to make projections called cristae. Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Involved in synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis. Found in nearly all species of plants and algae. Intermembrane space, thylakoid membrane, and Chloroplasts specialized version of plastids; derived from unspecialized proplastids

Endosymbiosis

Smaller species living inside larger species. Mitochondria developed form purple bacteria. Chloroplasts developed from cyanobacteria

Protobiant

An aggregate of prebiotically produced molecules and macromolecules. Have acquired a boundary, such as a lipid bilayer, that allows it to maintain an internal chemical environment distinct from that of its surroundings

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid. Stores info, has the capacity for self-replication, and as enzymatic function (ribosomes)

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Relieves RNA from the role of storing information, and is less likely to suffer from mutations

Prokaryotes

Simple cell structure, no nucleus

Eukaryotes

More complex cells, DNA enclosed within membrane-bound nucleus, internal membranes form organelles

Inside plasma membrane (typical bacterial cell)

Cytoplasm, nucleoid region (DNA in here), and ribosomes

Outside Plasma Membrane (typical bacterial cell)

Cell wall (support/protection), Glycocalyx (traps water, gives protection), and Appendages such as the pili (attachment) and flagella (movement)

Droplet Organelles

Cells become compartmentalized by liquid-liquid phase separation. Aggregated solutes, like protein and RNA, separate from the bulk solvent and form a droplet organelle

Nuclear Pore

Passageway for molecules to get in and out of the nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus

Chromatin

A complex of protein and DNA

Vacuole

Nucleus

Ribosome

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Peroxisome

Golgi Apparatus

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Plasma Membrane