AMSCO AP World History Modern- Unit 8

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

34th PRESIDENT: 1953 to 1961 (Republican)

A two term president, he is forever associated with the prosperity of the 1950s. A five-star Army general and Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during WWII, he reluctantly chose Richard Nixon as his Vice President. He was the first "term-limited" president in accordance with the 22nd Amendment. He was a skillful politician, a tough Cold War warrior, and one of America's most misunderstood and unappreciated presidents.

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb)

New nuclear weapon even more destructive than the atomic bomb

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

United Nations (UN)

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Satellite Countries

Countries bordering USSR that Soviets made Communist to have "friendly ring of countries"

World revolution

Marx believed that communism would come about only through a world wide revolution to end class conflict

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

Mutual Assured Destruction

idea that both sides would face certain destruction in a nuclear war

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices.

Proxy War

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Contra War

The contras is a label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Communist Bloc

The group of Eastern European nations that fell under the control of the Soviet Union following World War II.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

1954-1977

*Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina

*Original members included the US, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines

*The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some members did not support America in this effort

*Dismantled in 1977

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

Members were the U.S., Great Britain, Turkey, Iran and West Pakistan. Treaty to improve U.S. relations and cooperation with Latin and South America. Fairly successful, similar to ANZUS.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

An international treaty, signed in 1968, that aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

hot line

direct telephone line between the White House and the Kremlin set up after the Cuban missile crisis

Antinuclear Weapons Movement

consists of more than 80 anti-nuclear groups that oppose nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and/or uranium mining.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Lyndon Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia

land reform

Breakup of large agricultural holdings for redistribution among peasants

commune

a body of people or families living together and sharing everything

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

White Revolution

The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

(1919-1980), Dictator ruler of Iran from 1941 to 1979. He was supported by the United States throughout most of the Cold War due to his anti communist stance. Overthrown during the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

Mohammad Mossadegh and Iran

Iran's democratically elected nationalist premier.

1953: he seized British oil properties, CIA helped overthrow him + installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah of Iran

--> long time resentment of his coup led to the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Kwame Nkrumah

founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

one-party state

a political system in which one party controls the government and actively seeks to prevent other parties from contesting for power

Algerian War for Independence

Began in 1954 with Algerians campaigning for independence from France.

Algerian Civil War

1954-1962: France tried to keep colony; brutal conflict and ultimate failure

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Biafran Civil War

Tried to create Republic of Biafra in Nigeria due to an ethnic problem, they lost.

Quiet Revolution

A period of rapid change experienced in Québec from 1960 to 1966.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

An organization started in 1963 by thirty-two newly independent African states and designed to prevent conflict that would lead to intervention by former colonial powers.

Viet Cong (VC)

This was the name of the members of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam (North)

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

This organization formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

falah

"Success," "prosperity." The most idiomatic Islamic parallel to the English word salvation. Applies to this life and the hereafter.

Hamas

a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon

Khmer Rouge

A group of Communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975.

Kashmir

A region of northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike, was a Sri Lankan stateswoman and politician and the modern world's first female head of government

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.

Benazir Bhutto

Bhutto's daughter who served as Prime Minister until 1996; assassinated in 2007

Julius Nyerere

President of Tanzania who advocated an African form of socialism

Metropole

the dominant part of an empire, distinguished from the subordinate colonies, which is normally the state that initiated colonization

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Communist leader who attempted to make Poland less dependent on the Soviet Union

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Ulster Defense Association

A protestant organazation in Ireland that bombed Catholics

Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)

A revolutionary group of northern Spain who used terrorist attacks to force the government to grant territorial independence.

Abimael Guzman

Known as "Presidente Gonzalo." Founder of the Shining Path. Was a philosophy professor who spread his ideas to his students. Believed in popular justice and rejected human rights.

Shining Path

a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Nelson Mandela

First black president of South Africa

Kent State University

An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons

perestrolka

the restructuring of the economy and the government instituted in the Soviet Union in the 1980s

glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Arms limitation agreement settled by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev after several attempts. The treaty banned all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe and marked a significant thaw in the Cold War.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.