Intro to Neurology Neuronal Structure

1990’s and early 2000’s

Expansion of interest and opportunities for SLP’s

IEP: Individualized education plan

IDT: Interdisciplinary team

Name and describe the parts of a cell

Cell Membrane

A thin outer layer that surrounds the cell, protecting and controlling what goes in and out

Name and describe the parts of a cell

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like fluid filling the inside of the cell, where chemical reactions happen, and parts float

Name and describe the parts of a cell

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that houses DNA, which holds the genetic instructions for life.

Name and describe the parts of a cell

Mitochondria (Energy)

The “powerhouse” of the cell that turns nutrients into useable energy (ATP)

Name and describe the parts of a cell

Ribosomes (Batteries)

Tiny structures that build proteins, which are vital for cell repair and growth

Neuraxis

Axis that runs through the CNS and PNS

Myelin in the CNS

Oligodendryocytes

Myelin in the PNS

Schwann cells or Neurilemma cells

What is the anatomy of a Synapse

Specialized contact point where a nerve cell communicates with another cell, such as a neuron, muscle, or gland

How does a nerve impulse fire?

When a neuron receives enough chemical stimulation to cross a specific electrical threshold causing a rapid shift of changed ions across its cell membrane

Define resting potential?

No impulse

-70m V

Waiting for an adequate stimulus to change the resting state

Irritable

Action Potential

All or nothing

Once a critical threshold is reached it will fire sequentially

2 types of graded potentials

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

A temporary depolarization of a neurons membrane

2 types of graded potentials

Inhibitory Graded Potentials (IPSP)

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, making a neuron less likely to fire an action potential

Action potential

How does it move down an unmyelinated axon?

Process happens continuously along essentially every adjacent section of membrane: Conduction is relatively slower

Action potential

How does it move down a myelinated axon?

The action potential effectively jumps between nodes of Ranvier (Saltatory cinduction)

What is a Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that allows 1 neuron to communicate with another

Name the Meninges and their purpose D→A→P

Dura (Tough, thick outer layer)

Purpose: Provides strong physical protection and helps hold the brain in place

Name the Meninges and their purpose D→A→P

Arachnoid Mater (Thin, web-like middle layer)

Purpose: Helps protect the CNS and surrounds the Subarachnoid space, which contains the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Name the Meninges and their purpose D→A→P

Pia Mater (very thiner layer closely follows the surface of the brain and spinal cord)

Purpose: Provides protection and contains blood vessels that help supply nervous tissue

Brain Ventricles

Lateral Ventricles

Location: One in each cerebral hemisphere

There are 2: Left and right

They are the largest ventricles

Brain Ventricles

Third Ventricle

Location: In the center of the brain, between the right and left thalamus

Connects the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle

Brain Ventricles

Fourth Ventricle

Location: Between the brainstem (Pons and medulla) and the Cerebellum

Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord and spaces around the brain

Define the Cerebrospinal Fluid, and it’s purpose

Define CSF:Clear, watery fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the brain ventricles

Purpose: A cushion between the CNS and the bones of the body

Name important landmarks/ Fissures of the brain

Central Sulcus or the Fissure of Rolando

Separates the Frontal and Parietal lobe

Name important landmarks/ Fissures of the brain

Lateral Sulcus or the Sulcus of Sylvius

Separates the frontal and temporal lobes

Important Landmarks

Cerebral Fissures

Longitudinal Fissures

Middle penetrates to the Corpus Callosum

Falx Cerebri extends into this fissure

Important Landmarks

Cerebral Fissures

Transverse Fissure

Separates the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum

Tentorium Cerebelli extends into this fissure

Name the important lobes of the brain

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Lobes of the brain and their primary

Frontal Lobe

• Motor Movement

• Executive Functions

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