PSYC 365 Addiction: Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key terms and concepts from the lecture notes.

Cocaine

Indirect agonist of monoamine; increases dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine; activates SNS.

Methamphetamine

Indirect agonist of monoamine (longer lasting); activates SNS.

MDMA (Ecstasy)

Serotonin agonist (high abuse potential); rapid tolerance; hyperthermia (cause coma, organ damage, and death).

patent medicines

U.S manufactures promoted small amounts of cocaine in their products for headaches, neuralgia, and depression

Harrison Narcotics Act

Made cocaine illegal in 1914.

Obesity (amphetamine medical use)

Decreases appetite and food intake; increases metabolic rate.

Narcolepsy (amphetamine medical use)

Increases wakefulness.

ADHD (amphetamine medical use)

Increases attention.

systematic racism on cocaine

African Americans were more likely to use crack than whites, who were more likely to use power cocaine (War on Drugs) resulting in harsher penalties and disproportionate incarceration rates.

stimulant routes of administration

Methods for delivering stimulants, including intravenous (injection into vein), intranasal (snorting), oral (ingestion), and inhalation(smoking).

effects of cocaine

Cocaine produces a short-term euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness, but can also lead to negative effects such as paranoia, anxiety, and potential addiction.

Conditioned Place Preference

A learned behavior where an animal develops a preference for a specific environment associated with a rewarding drug.

Progesterone

High levels reduce the positive response to stimulant drugs.

stimulant addiction risk

compulsive use starts to emerge in some users after only a few exposures; rapid progression

Methamphetamine Psychosis

Paranoid delusions (contributes to skin picking).

Stereotyped Behavior (chronic stimulant use)

Head movements, self-licking (non-human animals); sorting, cleaning, grooming, skin picking (humans).

Cognitive Impairment(chronic stimulant use)

Deficits in attention, memory, and executive function.

Neurotoxicity (chronic stimulant use)

Changes in neurotransmitter functions, glucose utilization, blood circulation.

stimulant use prevalance

12.3 million

stimulant use disorder prevalence

5 million

endogenous opiods

4 classes (Mu, delta, kappa, nociception); distributed in CNS; mu-receptions most important; involved in pain modulation and reward pathways.

U.S. opioid overdose deaths 1999-2019

500,000 people

U.S. opioid overdose deaths 2020 +

about 70,000 (~192 people a day)

Nociceptors

Specialized receptors activated by noxious insults in skin and deep tissues (dorsal horn of the spinal cord).

Mu Opioid Reception

Reduction of neural activity in the pain circuit. 70% on presynaptic neurons and 30% on post-synaptic neurons.

Full Opioid Agonists

Having strong effects at the opioid receptors similar to those of endogenous options.

Partial Opioid Agonists

Similar effects to opioids but lower level of activity in the receptors. (Buprenorphine)

Opioid Agonist Mechanism (Presynaptic)

Entry of calcium (Ca++) ions is decreased, stops neurotransmitter release.

Opioid Agonist Mechanism (Postsynaptic)

Opens potassium (K+) ion channels; efflux (out of cell); hyperpolarizes neuron.

Recreational Opioid Abuse

Driven by a desire to experience the drug effect (high), use in higher than prescribed doses, used in combination with other drugs.

Quasi-Therapeutic Opioid Misuse

Longer than prescribed, larger dose than prescribed, “doctor shopping” or illicit purchase.

prevalance of opioid use disorder

74% of 886,000 who reported using heroin or fentanyl in 2017

Methadone Effects

Reduces opioid withdrawal symptoms; full mu-opioid receptor agonist; thrice-weekly dosing.

Barbiturate

Short/intermediate-active barbiturates are usually prescribed as sedatives and sleeping pills.

Benzodiazepine

Prescribed for relief of acute anxiety in specific and time-limited situations (e.g., air travel).

Benzodiazepine Mechanism of Action

Binds to GABA(A) receptor in the Chloride channel

Barbiturate Mechanism of Action

Binding keeps the chloride (Cl-) ion channel open longer; can open channel without GABA binding; opens channel more frequently when GABA binds.

Active Metabolites of Benzodiazepines

Extends duration of drug (e.g., half-life); cytochrome p450 enzymes

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

Produce sedation and anterograde amnesia (severe when paired with alcohol); roofies

GABAA Receptor Structure

5 subunits forming a conducting channel for chloride (Cl-) ions.

Z-Drugs

At appropriate doses, fast acting, have relatively brief duration, and little next day sedation. Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata

Minnesota Model

90% Residential treatment program (28 days) with key elements like professional staff, disease concept, family involvement, abstinence, and aftercare.

types of addiction treatments

AA, online mutual support groups, intensive outpatient

Benzos (valium)

withdrawal

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Blocks eliminations of acetaldehyde

Naltrexone (revia, vivitrol)

Mu opioid receptor antagonist; reduces craving

Acamprosate (Campral)

Affects NMDA glutamate and GABA receptors

Recovery Capital

Sources of support and self-esteem that have survived the addiction; most likely to succeed in stopping drug use with sufficient recovery capital

Washingtonians (principles of AA)

Pledge of abstinence, mutual support

Oxford Group (principles of AA)

Quasi-religious, admit powerlessness over alch

Stages of Change

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse.

Motivational Interviewing

Structured interviews concerned with client’s perspective using open-ended questions to analyze cost and benefits of SU

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Problem focused and action oriented to change learned behaviors, thoughts cause feelings and behaviors

Brief Intervention

Simple structured advice, written or internet-based information, and motivational counseling.

Past year substance use disorder (%)

48.7 million (17.3%)

No past year SUD (%)

233.3 million (82.7%)

Alcohol use disorder

29.5 million

Cocaine, meth, and stimulant use disorder

5 million

Drug use disorder

27.2 million

In dorsal horn of spinal cord ____ of opioid receptors are u on presynaptic neurons

70%

Naloxone (u-opioid receptor antagonist)

added to buprenorphine to decrease the likelihood of diversion and misuse of the combination drug product