CPSC-4620 Mods 1 and 2

Data

Raw facts that have not been processed into meaningful form

Information

Processed data that is meaningful and useful for decision-making

Database

Organized collection of logically related data

DBMS

Software that manages databases and controls access to the data

Metadata

Data about data that describes structure, rules, and constraints

Redundancy

Unnecessary duplication of data, often leading to inconsistencies

Data inconsistency

Occurs when different versions of the same data appear in different places

Single-user database

Supports one user at a time

Multi-user database

Supports multiple users simultaneously

Operational database (OLTP)

Supports day-to-day operations of an organization

Analytical database (OLAP)

Used for analysis, reporting, and decision support

SQL

Structured Query Language used to interact with relational databases

Data model

A simple representation of complex real-world data structures

Entity

A person, place, thing, or event about which data is stored

Attribute

A characteristic or property of an entity

Relationship

Association between entities (1:M, M:N, 1:1)

Constraint

Rules that ensure data integrity in the database

Business rules

Statements that define or constrain some aspect of the business

ERD

Entity Relationship Diagram used to visually model data and relationships

Relational model

Organizes data in tables consisting of rows and columns

Object-oriented model

Represents data as objects with attributes and behaviors

NoSQL

Database systems designed for scalability and flexibility with large-scale data

Big Data

Large volumes of structured and unstructured data characterized by volume, velocity, and variety

External model

Describes end-user views of the data

Conceptual model

High-level view of the entire database structure

Internal model

Describes how the DBMS sees the data and maps it to storage

Physical model

Describes how data is physically stored on hardware

Normalization

The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and improve data integrity

Data integrity

The accuracy and consistency of data within a database

Primary key

A unique identifier for each record in a table

Foreign key

A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table

Tuple

A single row in a relational table

Attribute

A column in a relational table that describes a property of an entity

Cardinality

The number of occurrences in one entity that are related to the number in another

Schema

The structure that defines the organization of data in a database

DDL (Data Definition Language)

Commands used to define the database structure (e.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP)

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

Commands used to manage data within schema objects (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE)

Logical independence

Ability to change the logical schema without altering the external schema

Physical independence

Ability to change the physical storage without affecting the logical schema

Structured data

Data that is organized into tables with rows and columns

Unstructured data

Data that lacks a predefined format (e.g., emails, videos, social media)

ER modeling

The process of creating an abstract model of data using entities, attributes, and relationships

Connectivity

Describes the relationship type between entities (e.g., 1:1, 1:M, M:N)

Class

In object-oriented modeling, a template that defines the structure and behavior of objects

Instance

An individual object based on a class

Inheritance

The mechanism by which one class can acquire properties and methods of another

MapReduce

A programming model used for processing and generating large datasets in big data systems

Hadoop

An open-source framework that supports distributed storage and processing of big data