Studied by 1 personsocial psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
the theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s dispositions
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
attitude
a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort [dissonance] we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
social facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when one person’s belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief
prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
stereotype
a generalized belief about a group of people
ingroup
“us”--people with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup
“them”--those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one’s own group
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is and exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
superordinate goals
share goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction--a reduction strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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