Chap 1 anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the structure of living organisms

Phisiology

The study of the function of living organisms  hi

Principle of Complementary of structure

what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Levels of Structural Organization: Smallest to Greatest

Chemical -> Cellular -> Tissue ->Organ-> Organ system -> Organism

Levels of Structural Organization: Greatest to Smallest)

Organism -> Organ system -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cellular ->Chemical

definition of Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a constant and stable internal environment while the external environment is changing.

different Life Functions

Digestion​, Excretion, Growth

Maintaining, Boundaries​ Movement​, Metabolism​

Responsiveness​, Reproduction

types of Anatomy

Gross/ Macroscopic, Regional​m Systemic​, Surface

Microscopic, Cytology​, Histology​, Developmental ​Embryology

 

types of Physiology

Renal ​, Neurophysiology​, Cardiovascular

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a constant and stable internal environment while the external environment is changing.

Negative Feedback

The output shuts off the initial stimulus or reduces the intensity

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback Example

1. Break or tear blood vessel wall

2. Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals

3. Released chemicals attract more platelets

4. Clotting proceeds until break is sealed by newly formed clot

Negative feedback example

Rise in body temperature (stimulus)
Body temperature rises above normal (for example, during exercise or on a hot day).

Sensors detect change
Thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the increase.

Response to counteract change
The hypothalamus activates sweat glands and causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.

Effect
Sweating and vasodilation release heat, lowering body temperature back to normal.

Sagittal Section

Planes that divides the body into Left and Right sections

Midsagittal Section

Plane that divides the body into Left and Right sections down the

Mid-line

Transverse Section

Planes that divide the body into Top and Bottom sections

Oblique Section

Planes that divide the body at an angle other that 90 degrees

Frontal Section

lanes that divide the body into Front and Back sections

The Planes

Transpyloric, ​Transtubercular​, Right and Left Lateral

The Regions

Epigastric ​Hypochondriac ​Hypogastric​

Iliac​ Lumbar ​Umbilical

 

Body Cavities and Membranes

Abdominal Cavity​ Abdominopelvic Cavity​ Cranial Cavity​ Dorsal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity​ Pericardial Cavity​ Pleural Cavities ​Spinal Cavity

Thoracic Cavity ​Ventral Cavity

 

Homeostasis is also

receptor, control center, and effector

Relative Positions between a four-legged animal

Diaphragm

the muscle which separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal Pleurae

Coat the Pleural Cavity

Visceral Pleurae

Surround the Lungs

Parietal Pericardium

Coats the Pericardial Cavity

Visceral Pericardium

Surrounds the Heart

Parietal Peritoneum

Attaches the organs in the abdominal cavity to the dorsal wall of the cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

Surrounds the organs in the abdominal cavity

Greater Omentum

Membrane that runs between the Stomach and the Transverse Colon

Lesser Omentum

Membrane that runs between the Liver and the Stomach

Abdominal Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Pericardial Cavity

Pleural Cavities

Spinal Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Ventral Cavity

Abdominal region (trunk)

Axilla

Buttocks/Gluteal

Costal

Flank

Groin

Lumbar/Loin

Pectoral/Mammary region

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Antebrachium

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Antecubital

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Brachium

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Calf (Sural)

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Cubital

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Ham/Popliteal

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Plantar

Extremities - Upper and Lower

Thigh

Dorsal and Ventral in a two-legged animal is…

also Anterior and Posterior

a two-legged animal Cranial and Caudal is…

Anterior and Posterior

Relative Positions between a four-legged animal

Relative Positions one that walks on two legs

Renal

kidney