BIO 012 Exam 3

studied byStudied by 17 people
5.0(1)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 56

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

57 Terms

1

What is the correct order of ecological organization from largest to smallest?

A: Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism.

New cards
2

What is ecology?

A: The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

New cards
3

Q: What are the levels of ecological study?

A: Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

New cards
4

Q: Define ecosystem ecology.

A: Focuses on energy flow and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

New cards
5

Q: What is population density?

A: Number of individuals of a species in a given area.

New cards
6

Q: Define carrying capacity (K).

A: The maximum population size that the environment can support.

New cards
7

Q: What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A: Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

New cards
8

Q: Define species richness and species diversity.

A:

  • Species Richness: Number of species in a community.

  • Species Diversity: Combines richness and relative abundance.

New cards
9

Q: What is the latitudinal diversity gradient?

A: Biodiversity decreases with increasing distance from the equator.

New cards
10

Q: What hypotheses explain the latitudinal diversity gradient?

  • Species-productivity hypothesis

  • Species-time hypothesis

  • Species-area hypothesis

New cards
11

Q: What are biodiversity hotspots?

A: Areas with high species richness and endemism under significant threat.

New cards
12

Q: Why is biodiversity important?

A: It supports ecosystem services, resilience, and human welfare.

New cards
13

Q: What is exponential growth?

A: A rapid population increase under ideal conditions, forming a J-shaped curve.

New cards
14

Q: What is logistic growth?

A: Population growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve.

New cards
15

Q: What are density-dependent factors?

A: Factors like competition and predation that intensify as population density increases.

New cards
16

Q: What are density-independent factors?

A: Factors like natural disasters that affect populations regardless of density.

New cards
17

Q: What is a mark-recapture method?

A: A method for estimating population size using marked individuals in a sample.

New cards
18

Q: Arrange terrestrial biomes by precipitation (low to high):

A: Hot deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforests.

New cards
19

Q: What are key abiotic factors in marine biomes?

A: Light and ocean currents.

New cards
20

: What is ocean upwelling?

A: The circulation of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep to shallow areas, supporting productivity.

New cards
21

Q: What are lentic and lotic systems?

  • Lentic: Standing water (e.g., lakes, ponds).

  • Lotic: Flowing water (e.g., rivers, streams).

New cards
22

Q: What are types of species interactions?

  • Mutualism: Both benefit (+/+)

  • Commensalism: One benefits, other unaffected (+/0)

  • Parasitism: One benefits, other harmed (+/-)

  • Herbivory: Animal eats plant (+/-)

  • Predation: Predator kills prey (+/-)

  • Competition: Both harmed (-/-)

New cards
23

Q: What is Batesian mimicry?

A: A harmless species mimics a harmful one for protection.

New cards
24

Q: Define primary succession.

A: Occurs on bare substrates (e.g., volcanic rock).

New cards
25

Q: Define secondary succession.

A: Follows disturbances that leave soil intact (e.g., after a fire).

New cards
26

Q: What are mechanisms of succession?

A:

  • Facilitation: Early species prepare the environment for later species.

  • Inhibition: Early species hinder the establishment of others.

  • Tolerance: Species that can establish despite competition.

New cards
27

Q: Where is carbon stored on Earth?

A: Atmosphere, rocks, sediments, living organisms, fossil fuels.

New cards
28

Q: Where is most nitrogen found on Earth?

A: In the atmosphere.

New cards
29

Q: What cycles are involved in agricultural runoff?

A: Water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.

New cards
30

Q: What is conservation biology?

A: The scientific study aimed at protecting species, habitats, and ecosystems.

New cards
31

Q: What are flagship species?

A: Charismatic species used to promote conservation awareness (e.g., pandas).

New cards
32

Q: What is the correct order of ecological organization from smallest to largest?

A: Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

New cards
33

Q: Define population density.

A: The number of individuals per unit area.

New cards
34

Q: Define carrying capacity (K).

A: The maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely.

New cards
35

Q: What is the primary focus of ecosystem ecology?

A: Energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.

New cards
36

Q: What is species richness?

A: The number of species in a community.

New cards
37

Q: What is species diversity?

A: A measure combining species richness and relative abundance.

New cards
38

Q: What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A: Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity.

New cards
39

Q: Why is biodiversity important?

A:

  1. Provides ecosystem services like clean water, air, and pollination.

  2. Supports food, medicine, and industrial products.

  3. Has ethical significance to protect life on Earth.

New cards
40

Q: What is an ecological footprint?

A: The amount of land and water required to sustain an individual's lifestyle, including resource consumption and waste absorption.

New cards
41

Q: What are ecosystem services?

A: Benefits provided by ecosystems, such as nutrient cycling, pollination, and pest control.

New cards
42

Q: What is the formula for mark-recapture population estimation?

A: N=M×CRN = \frac{M \times C}{R}N=RM×C​, where:

  • MMM: Marked individuals in the first catch

  • CCC: Total individuals captured in the second catch

  • RRR: Recaptured marked individuals.

New cards
43

Q: What is exponential growth?

A: Population increase under ideal conditions, forming a J-shaped curve.

New cards
44

Q: What is logistic growth?

A: Growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve.

New cards
45

Q: Which characteristics are most commonly used to identify terrestrial biomes?

A: Temperature and precipitation.

New cards
46

Q: Arrange the following terrestrial biomes from lowest to highest temperatures:

A: Tundra → Taiga → Temperate Deciduous Forest → Tropical Grassland

New cards
47

Q: What is ocean upwelling?

A: A process where wind pushes surface waters offshore, causing nutrient-rich cold water to rise.

New cards
48

Q: What is eutrophication?

A: Excess nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) in water cause algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

New cards
49

Q: Which human activities impact the nitrogen cycle?

A: Fertilizer runoff, fossil fuel burning, and agricultural practices.

New cards
50

Q: What is the greenhouse effect?

A: Atmospheric gases trap heat, keeping Earth warm enough for life.

New cards
51

Q: How does global warming affect ecosystems?

A:

  1. Rising sea levels

  2. Altered precipitation patterns

  3. Shifting species distributions

New cards
52

Q: Name strategies to lower atmospheric CO₂ levels.

A: Renewable energy, reforestation, energy conservation, carbon capture.

New cards
53

Q: What is fecundity?

A: The potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population.

New cards
54

Q: What are r-selected species?

A: Species with high growth rates, early reproduction, and minimal parental care.

New cards
55

Q: What are K-selected species?

A: Species with slower growth, late reproduction, and high parental investment.

New cards
56

Q: What is a Type I survivorship curve?

A: High survival in early/middle life, with most mortality occurring in old age (e.g., humans).

New cards
57

Q: What is a Type III survivorship curve?

A: High mortality early in life, with few individuals reaching maturity (e.g., fish, insects).

New cards
robot