Databases and SQL

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Description and Tags

How databases are ran and how SQL works

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Leading Database Products

Product

Sponsor

Type

License

DB-Engines rank
(May 2020)

Oracle Database

Oracle

Relational

Commercial

1

MySQL

Oracle

Relational

Open source

2

SQL Server

Microsoft

Relational

Commercial

3

PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL Global Development Group

Relational

Open source

4

MongoDB

MongoDB

NoSQL

Open source

5

2
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Database Model

is a conceptual framework for database systems, with three parts:

  • Data structures that prescribe how data is organized.

  • Operations that manipulate data structures.

  • Rules that govern valid data.

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Relational Model

A database model based on a tabular data structure. The model was published in 1970 by E. F. Codd of IBM and released in commercial products around 1980. The data structure, operations, and rules are standardized in SQL, the universal query language of relational databases. Relational databases were initially designed for transactional data, such as bank transactions and airline reservations. The rise of the internet in the 1990s generated big data, characterized by unprecedented data volumes and rapidly changing data structures. Many alternative database models and systems, optimized for big data, have appeared since 2000. However, relational databases have gradually improved support for big data and continue to dominate the commercial database market.

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Example Database Models

Primary data structure

Initial product releases

Example database system

Strengths

Hierarchical

Tree

1960s

IMS

Fast queries
Efficient storage

Network

Linked list

1970s

IDMS

Fast queries
Efficient storage

Relational

Table

1980s

Oracle Database

Productivity and simplicity
Transactional applications

Object

Class

1990s

ObjectStore

Integration with object-oriented programming languages

Graph

Vertex and edge

2000s

Neo4j

Flexible schema
Evolving business requirements

Document

XML
JSON

2010s

MongoDB

Flexible schema
Unstructured and semi-structured data

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Data Structure Terms

Databases

Mathematics

Files

Table

Relation

File

Column

Attribute

Field

Row

Tuple

Record

Data type

Domain

Data type