PY 212 Final Exam Study Guide

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory helps illustrate the effects of ___ on development

Environment

What was part of John Locke’s philosophy on child development?

tabula rasa

In the Bobo Doll experiment, when the child saw the adult be aggressive with the doll, how was the child more likely to act towards the doll?

aggressive

What is a phenotype?

How the genes are expressed and what characteristics the organism has because of them

T/F: Fetuses experience sensory input

True

What is a genotype?

All the genetic material/information an organism has

What is the purpose of the placenta?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

The neural tube eventually develops into what?

The brain

Piaget believed children played a ___ role in their development

Active

What does tabula rasa mean?

blank slate

What does the stability vs. change debate ask?

Is personality stable from childhood or does it evolve as we age?

What is the outer layer of cells of a blastocyst called?

Trophoblast

What does Freud’s psychodynamics theory argue that behavior is influenced by?

Unresolved conflict and unconscious processes

Once sperm enters the vagina, how does it get to the egg/oocyte?

Fallopian tubes

What is pre-eclampsia associated with?

Hypertension

According to behaviorist theory, punishment ___ a behavior, and reinforcement ___ a behavior

decreases; increases

The embryonic disc inside the blastocyst eventually becomes what?

The embryo

When does an oocyte become a zygote?

Once sperm fertilizes it

What is an example of a behavior that Freud would theorize is from unresolved conflict or trauma during the oral fixation stage of development?

Vaping

Does development stop in adulthood?

No

Which is an example of negative punishment?

A teenage gets a bad report card, so their parents take away their phone until their grades improve

What are teratogens?

Factors that can contribute to birth defects

“Are children autonomous agents in their development or are they at the mercy of innate natural processes?” is the question of interest for which debate within developmental psychology?

Active vs. passive

What psychologist is associated with the Bobo Doll experiment?

Bandura

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

When the zygote implants outside the uterus

Do genetics or environment have more influence on behavior?

Nature vs. nurture

Continuous vs. discontinuous

Does development occur gradually or in distinct stages?

Positive punishment

Adding something to the environment that decreases the chance of a behavior occurring

Negative punishment

Removing something from the environment that decreases the chance of a behavior occurring

Positive reinforcement

Adding something to the environment that increases the chance of a behavior occurring

Negative reinforcement

Removing something from the environment that increases the chance of a behavior occurring

What kind of cells make up the embryonic disc inside the blastocyst?

Stem cells

What does the blastocyst become an embryo?

Once it implants

What is the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?

gross motor involves large body movements and fine motor involves small body movement

Rooting

head turns in the direction of touch and the infant opens their mouth for feeding

Gripping

infant grasps what is placed in their palm and holds very tight

Moro/startle

sudden noise or movement causes infant to throw head back and arms and legs out

Galant

stroking infants lower back causes infant to curve towards side that was stroked and extent opposite arm like a fencer

T/F: Myelination causes slower action potentials, as the myelin acts like a conductor.

False

According to the preferential-looking paradigm, babies prefer to look at

Novel things, faces

What is habituation?

the predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus become familiar

Infant language development (Skinner)

infants need to be taught everything, there is no innate language skills

Infant language development (Chomsky)

Infants have a biological predisposition to language (as evidenced by universal grammar)

In the Harlow Monkey study, which fake "mother" did the baby monkeys prefer?

the soft "mother" without food

What stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development are children in early childhood in?

Preoperational stage

Animism

belief that inanimate objects are alive

What is the smallest unit of meaning in language?

Morpheme

When children can understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different than their own, they have developed __________

Theory of mind

The marshmallow experiment was testing ________ in children

delayed gratification

What parenting style is associated with being parent-driven, strict rules, and one-way communication?

Authoritarian

Unoccupied play

behavior is random without a specific goal

Solitary play

Plays by themselves, does not interact with others or engage in similar activities to children around them

Onlooker play

Observes other children playing, but does not join them

Parallel play

plays side by side with another child, may be using similar toys, but doesn't interact with other child

Associative play

child will interact witih another, share toys, but are not working together towards a common goal

Cooperative play

children are interacting to achieve a common goal

In the concrete operation stage, children in middle & late childhood have mastered

The use of logic

In middle & late childhood, some cognitive skills that have improved are:

Memory, processing speed, executive function

what is intelligence?

basic abilities to understand, reason, and make judgements

What is the construct that different abilities and skills that are measured on intelligence tests have in common? Popularized by Charles Spearman

General intelligence (g)

What stage of Erikson's theory do children in middle & late childhood deal with, where they are constantly comparing themselves to peer and want to find something they excel at to gain confidence.

Industry vs. inferiority

A child does his chores so that he doesn't get in trouble with his parents. This is an example of which stage of Kohlberg's stages of morality?

Preconventional morality

When thinking about Kohlberg's question in his study, what would someone in the postconventional morality stage think?

the man is right to steal the medicine to save his wife because her life is more important than the fact he is stealing and the law

What is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic?

Breasts

What is the limbic system primarily responsible for?

Emotions

In Piaget's formal operational stage, what can adolescents think about correctly?

Abstract principles, deductive reasoning, transitivity

what is the imaginary audience phenomenon?

when you feel like others are constantly watching and judging you

What developmental stage typically has the best physical functioning (strength, endurance, reproduction, etc.)?

Emerging adulthood

The average age of marriage has ______ compared to previous generations.

increased

Openness

appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience

Conscientiousness

a tendency to show self-disclipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement

Extraversion

the tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out sitmulation and the company of others

Agreeableness

a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspivious and antagonistic towards others; reflect individual differences in general conern for social harmony

Neuroticism

the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression; emotional instability

An example of mass-to-specific growth principle in the physical development of infants is ___

how babies learn to grab (from palmar to superior pincer)

How do children in early childhood often describe themselves?

Based on external characteristics

T/F: At birth, infants have the same body proportions as adults

False

What is synaptic blooming?

A period of rapid neural growth during the first 2 years of life

Why is sleeps so important for infants?

Sleep helps them process the new things they are learning

What is a schema?

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

When a schema has to be changed as the child learns new information or is expired to new things, this is called ___

accommodation

When the child can realize that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard, they have mastered ___

Object permanence

Chomsky’s hypothetical brain structure that demonstrates our species’ predisposition to language is called what?

Language acquisition device

What type of attachment does a child most likely have with their caregiver if they don’t get nervous when the caregiver leaves AND they don’t seek out or care when the caregiver comes back?

Avoidant

Children in early childhood are not good at taking other people’s perspectives (such as in the video with the table and the mountain), which is referred to as ___

egotism

According to Erikson, in early childhood, children are facing the ___ crisis/stage. Caregiver response or encouragement when doing new things that they haven’t mastered yet or trying on their own for the first time is incredibly important in this stage

Initiation vs. Guilt

What skills fall under executive function?

Planning and prioritizing

What is an example of parallel play?

Two children building two different things with legos without interacting with each other

What causes the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Misfolded proteins

Which of these individuals would fall under the “sandwich generation”?

A 45 year old woman who raises 2 children and takes on caregiving for her aging parents

What is climacteric?

The decline in fertility that occurs in middle adulthood

Which piece of working memory is typically most affected by aging?

Central executive

What is menopause?

When females go for 12 months without menstruating

According to Erikson, what is the main crisis in late adulthood?

Integrity vs. Despair

What happens when a telomere runs out?

Cell death

Which of these typically increase throughout our lifespan?

Crystallized intelligence

Which theory comments on how older adults may have changes in motivation for actively seeking social contact?

Socioemotional selectivity theory