Colliding Cultures: The Impact of European Colonization

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of goods and diseases.

Spanish Monarchy

Gained wealth from Aztec and Incan Empires.

Population Boom

European growth due to new foodstuffs.

Native Responses

Varied from cooperation to aggressive violence.

European Settlements

Established along the Atlantic due to trade.

Colonization Age

Period marked by European territorial expansion.

Juan Ponce de León

Explored la Florida in 1513.

Indigenous Population Decline

Decimated by disease and conflict with Europeans.

Huguenots

French Protestants expelled from Florida by Spain.

Sir Francis Drake

Burned St. Augustine in 1586.

Encomienda System

Grants of Native labor to Spanish settlers.

Mission System

Extended Spanish influence through religious missions.

Apalachee Tribe

Powerful tribe in Florida during European contact.

Camino Real

Royal road connecting Spanish settlements.

Ranching in Florida

Spanish settlers drove cattle eastward for agriculture.

Acoma Massacre

Brutal attack by Oñate resulting in many deaths.

Florida's Territorial Reach

Extended from St. Johns River to St. Augustine.

Spanish Expansion

Focused on establishing control over new territories.

European Rivalry

Spain's advantage contested by other European nations.

Disease Impact

Wiped out civilizations in the Americas.

Cultural Collision

Interactions between Europeans and Native Americans.

Wealth from Colonies

Spain's economic boost from New World resources.

Spanish Southwest

Region marked by early violent encounters.

Oñate's Orders

Cut off feet of surviving males over fifteen.

Santa Fe

First permanent European settlement in the Southwest, 1610.

Spanish Colonists

Only about three thousand in New Mexico by 1680.

Puebloan Population Decline

Dropped from sixty thousand in 1600 to seventeen thousand by 1680.

Missions

Engine of colonization in North America post-military expeditions.

Franciscan Missionaries

Provided an advance guard for Spanish colonization efforts.

Catholic Justification

Spanish conquest always carried religious imperatives.

Spanish Friars

Established dozens of missions along the Rio Grande.

Reformation Impact

Caused unrest in England and France, affecting Spain's rivals.

Religious Violence

Millions died in France due to conflicts during Reformation.

Spanish Exploitation

Inspired European monarchs to invest in exploration and conquest.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Wrote about Spanish atrocities against Native Americans.

Popery Truly Display'd

Title of English reprint highlighting Spanish cruelties.

Native American Labor

Forced to gather gold, leading to deaths and despair.

Black Legend

Accusation against Spain of fostering barbarity and cruelty.

Religious and Political Rivalries

Continued in the New World after European conflicts diminished.

Benevolent Conquest

Non-Spanish monarchies viewed as saviors for Native Americans.

Economic Motives

Spain's rivals sought wealth in the New World.

Spanish Atrocities

Reported across Europe, justifying rival colonization efforts.

Colonial Justifications

Religious and economic reasons drove European expansion.

Pueblo Revolt

Resistance against Spanish colonization by Pueblo peoples.

Spanish Influence

Left many nations yearning for independence from Spain.

European Monarchs

Invested in exploration inspired by Spanish riches.

French Crown Subsidy

Financial support for exploration in the 1500s.

Northwest Passage

Mythical waterway to Asia through North America.

St. Lawrence River

Key waterway for French exploration in Canada.

New France

French colonial territory in North America.

Samuel de Champlain

Founder of Quebec and New France in 1608.

Port Royal

First French settlement in Acadia, established 1603.

Fur Trade

Economic activity driving French colonization patterns.

Huguenots

Persecuted French Protestants seeking emigration post-1685.

Jesuit Missionaries

French missionaries using cooperative strategies with Natives.

Métis

Children of French men and Native women.

Huron People

Indigenous group closely allied with the French.

Black Legend

Anti-Catholic narrative against Spanish colonialism.

Middle Ground

Cross-cultural space for Native and European interaction.

Iroquois Pressure

Forced Algonquian peoples toward French territories.

Gift-Giving

Native strategy adopted by French traders.

European Market

Impersonal trade system engaged by Native peoples.

Great Lakes Region

Site of tumultuous French-Native interactions.

Cultural Encounter

Interactions between French and Indigenous peoples.

Permanent Settlement

French preference for trade over establishing colonies.

Decimation by Disease

Impact of European diseases on Native populations.

Cross-Cultural Relationships

Cooperative ties between French and Native Americans.

French Colonial Strategy

Focus on trade and alliances rather than dominance.

Acadia

Region in Canada where early French settlements occurred.

The Netherlands

Small maritime nation with significant colonial success.

Hapsburgs

Dynasty from which the Netherlands gained independence in 1581.

Legal identity of Dutch women

Women could hold property and inherit estates.

Religious tolerance

Greater freedom of religion than other European nations.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange

Innovative financial organization by the Dutch.

Dutch East India Company

Major trading company that advanced Dutch capitalism.

Colonial democracy

Limited; power concentrated in a few hands.

Slave trade

Integral to Dutch capitalist successes in colonies.

Henry Hudson

Englishman commissioned to find Northwest Passage.

New Netherland

Dutch colony established in modern-day New York.

Dutch West India Company

Chartered in 1621 to manage Dutch colonies.

Manhattan purchase

Peter Minuit bought land from Munsee people.

Hugo Grotius

Legal philosopher advocating Native rights in colonization.

Wampum

Shell beads used as currency and trade item.

Iroquois

Native group valuing wampum for ceremonial use.

Patroon system

Encouraged colonization through land grants to settlers.

Trade with Native peoples

Central economic activity of New Netherland.

Beaver pelts

Primary trade item exchanged for wampum.

Colonial farming

Dutch established farms and settlements in New Netherland.

Lumber camps

Developed for resource extraction in Dutch colonies.

Dutch maritime wealth

Enabled extensive colonial ventures and trade networks.

Cultural exchange

Interactions between Dutch settlers and Native Americans.

Colonial guidelines

Established to avoid Spanish atrocities in colonization.

Patroon System

Land grants to wealthy landlords for tenant farming.

Beverwijck

Modern-day Albany, a fur trade hub.

Iroquois Alliance

Dutch maintained alliances for trade and security.

Armed Conflicts

Fights over land between settlers and Native Americans.

Labor Shortages

Insufficient tenants and servants hindered Dutch colonization.

Enslaved People

Imported laborers for building New Amsterdam.

New Amsterdam

Modern-day New York City, Dutch colonial capital.

Defensive Wall

Built by enslaved laborers, site of Wall Street.