che 100 - exam 1: ch 11 and 2

fatty acids

yield 9kcal/gram, composed of c, h and fewer o than carbs

saturated fatty acid

if the hydrocarbon chain only contains single bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated fatty acid

if the hydrocarbon chain contains ONE OR MORE double bonds between carbon atoms

monunsaturated

only one double bond between carbon atoms per molecule

polyunsaturated

more than one double bond between carbon atoms

isomers

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties. nutrition ex: glucose and fructose

trans fats

triglyceride composed of one or more trans fatty acids.

carbohydrates

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (h and o a 2:1 ratio). it is sugars and starches which are the main source of fuel for the body

monosaccharide

single sugar- glucose, fructose, galactose.

disaccharide

double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharide units

polysaccharide

think starch and cellulose. made up of multiple monosaccharides

HFCS

hydroflourocarbons - used as a refrigerant

protein - what is it composed of

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. polymer of amino acids

amino acid

building block of proteins. a protein is a polymer of amino acids

dipeptide

peptide composed of two amino acids

essential amino acids

there are nine of these. they cannot be produced in our bodies so we have to consume them.

protein complimentarity

combining two or more incomplete protein sources together so that they provide all 9 essential amino acids in an adequate amount

micronutrients

essential vitamins and minerals that the body requires

vitamins and which are fat soluble?

group of organic compounds essential for growth and nutrition. cannot be synthesized by the body so we must consume them in small amounts. they do not yield energy. a, d, e, k

macrominerals

minerals required by body in larger amounts

microminerals

minerals required by body in smaller amounts

trace minerals

essential micronutrients in very small amounts

BMR

basal metabolic rate. minimum number of calories your body needs to sustain vital functions at rest

foodborne illness

presence of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and chemical toxins undetected in our foods

carbon footprint

amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person or group

continuous cropping

growing the same crop or narrow range of crops on the same land repeatedly over multiple seasons without extended fallow periods for the soil to rest.

fertilizer

any natural or synthetic material that is applied to soils or directly to plants in order to supply plant nutrients and promote plant growth

reactive nitrogen

the compounds of nitrogen that cycle through the biosphere and interconvert with each other ex: ammonium (NH4), ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO -3)

nitrogen fixing bacteria

remove nitrogen gas from the air and conver it to ammonia

denitrification

process of converting nitrate to nitrogen gas

nitrogen cycle

set of chemical pathways where nitrogen moves through the biosphere

food security

all people at all times have consistent physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food

what do carbohydrates look like and what elements are they

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

AQI

air quality index; a scale used to report how clear or polluted air is and indicating health risks based on levels of pollutants

combustion

process of burning something - add oxygen to a substance. it produces heat and light

respiration

process of metabolizing the foods we eat to produce carbon dioxide and water and to release the energy that powers other chemical reactions in the body

mixture

physical combination of two or more pure substances present in variable amounts

element

one of the pure substances in our world. compounds are formed from the elements. they contain only one type of atom.

compound

pure substance made of two or more types of atoms (elements) in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination

troposphere

we live here! the lowest region of the atmosphere, lies directly above the earth.

mesosphere

region above stratosphere and below thermosphere, 30-50 miles in altitude

stratosphere

above the troposphere

part per million

concentration of one part out of a million. ex: 0.0402% would be 402 ppm

molecule

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement

hydrocarbons and what are they

organic compounds comprised entirely of carbon and hydrogen. they form the basis of many fossil fuels!!

carbon monoxide

CO: “the silent killer” undetectable by the senses. it inhibits blood from carrying oxygen. sources of CO are car exhaust and charcoal fires.

ozone

O3: screens out harnful UV rays from the sun. ground level ozone happens with nitrogen oxides and VOCs. ozone gets high on hot and sunny days as the ground heats up. it is not good in high amounts.

how do you name a chemical if it is two nonmetals?

prefix of left nonmetal and then the prefix and name of right nonmetal and an “ide”

how do you name a chemical that is a metal and nonmetal?

both of the names together (metal first and then nonmetal) with an “ide” at the end

sulfur dioxide

present mostly when burning coal, which produces electricity. harmful pollutant!

nitrogen oxides

visible component of smog. it can be harmful to us as well

particulate matter (what is more deadly)

mixture of tiny solid particles and small liquid droplets. classified by size. the smaller the size, the more deadly it is. it can happen in and outdoors!!

risk assessment

process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome

toxicity exposure

intrinsic health hazard of a substance and the amount of the substance encountered

ambient air

the air surrounding us (usually meaning outside air)

what is air?? what gases in what percentage is air?

a mixture

78% nitrogen

21% oxygen

1% trace gases

chemical reaction

process where substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products

chemical equation

representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas

balanced equation

number of atoms of each element is the same on each side of the equation (ensures that mass is conserved)

secondary pollutant and example

harmful substance that forms in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving primary pollutants and other atmospheric components. a prime example is ozone (formed when NOx and VOCs react in sunlight)

carcinogenic

substance that promotes development of cancer

sustainability

meeting our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

green chemistry

design o chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances

indoor air pollution

substances in indoor environments that can harm health: building materials, mold, dust, pet dander, bacteria, sources of combustion, etc

sick building syndrome

set of symptoms that occur when inside a building and that improve after leaving it. linked to indoor pollutants, common in new buildings with fresher chemicals from new furniture, paint, etc.

epa

environmental protection agency: responsible for upholding air quality and other environmental components to ensure human and environmental health

law of conservation of matter and mass

matter cannot be created or destroyed - just rearranged

what does saturated fat look like

what does unsaturated fat look like

what does monounsaturated fat look like

what does polyunsaturated fat look like

what is a triglyceride

a fat - composted of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol. main form of lipids in food and the body

hydrogenation of fatty acids

used to solidify an oil. adds hydrogen to double carbon bonds. it increases shelf life and forms trans fatty acid