Science, Technology, & Society: Key Concepts and Inventions (Lecture Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes (Pages 1–6).

Science

System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.

Technology

From Greek words meaning practical applications of what we know about nature.

Society

The organized group of people living in a community; the social context where science and technology develop and are regulated.

Philosophers of nature

The first scientists who sought to discover the truth behind material things and natural phenomena.

Sumerian civilization

Culturally inventive people of southern Mesopotamia; Sumerians are described as the 'black-headed ones'.

Cuneiform

First writing system; wedge-shaped signs carved on clay tablets; used to record important information.

Uruk City

The first 'true city' in the world, an early Mesopotamian urban center.

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

A monumental temple structure called the 'mountain of God' dedicated to the moon god Nanna.

Irrigations and dikes

Water-management systems used to bring water to fields and control floods, enabling year‑round farming.

Babylonian civilization

Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates; renowned for builders, engineers, and architects.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Legendary gardens built by Nebuchadnezzar; possibly located at Babylon or Nineveh, featuring layered plantings.

Papyrus

Lightweight writing material used by Egyptians; enabled widespread record-keeping and correspondence.

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian system of writing using symbols; considered sacred by Egyptians and believed to be divinely inspired.

Cosmetics

Products used for health and beauty; widely adopted for personal appearance and medical benefits in harsh environments.

Wig

Head coverings worn for health and comfort, protecting shaved heads from sun and preventing lice; often cleaner than natural hair.

Water Clock (Clepsydra)

Ancient timekeeping device using gravity-driven flow of water between vessels.

Roman civilization

A dominant political and social power in the western world; cradle of governance and administration.

Gazette (newspaper)

Early newspapers that published announcements and government information; shorthand records and same-day publication.

Codex / Bound books

From stacking papyrus to form pages; wax or leather covers protected manuscripts.

Roman Architecture

A major visual contribution, continuing Greek architectural traditions with innovations.

Great Wall of China

Massive defensive structure built from stone, brick, wood, and earth to deter invaders and control borders.

Gunpowder

Mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate; produces heat and gas; used in warfare and fireworks.

Medieval / Middle Ages

Era often called the Age of Exploration; characterized by invasions, migrations, and frequent wars.

Printing Press

Invention that enabled publishing of books and content, making works accessible to those who could not write.

Microscope

Instrument that reveals microscopic organisms and objects invisible to the naked eye; pivotal for medicine and science.

Telescope

Device for observing distant objects; aided navigation and exploration when used with other instruments.

Pasteurization

Heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria, extending shelf life and improving safety.

Petroleum refinery

Process of refining petroleum to produce usable fuels; kerosene became a key lighting fuel.

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

Amphibious vehicle designed to travel on land and water; developed by Victor Llave and H2O Technologies.

SALT Lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp)

Lighting system using materials from saltwater; safer and emits no toxic fumes; invented by Aisa Mijeno.

Medical incubator

Device to maintain suitable conditions for newborns; early incubators used baskets and heated bottles for warmth and oxygen flow.

Mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap system

Trap system using natural ingredients to kill mosquito eggs and larvae while remaining safe for people and the environment.

E-JEEPney

Electric jeepney; modern, electricity-powered public transport; environmentally friendlier due to zero emissions and reduced noise.