Chapter One

Genetics

The study of heredity and variation

Order of prophase

Human Genome project

A project to decipher the human genome (the DNA of all our chromosomes)

Two other types of gene technology

1)mammalian cloning

2)Green fluorescent protien (GFP)- allows researchers to identify protiens in cells or specific body parts

______ are the only molecules that cannot form macromolcules

lipids

Proteome

collection of proteins that a cell can make at a given time

Proteins can function as…

Enzymes

transport

motor proteins

signaling

Transcription

DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA

Translation

mRNA is used to produce an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Morphological traits

affect appearance

physiological traits

affect the function of an organism

behavioral traits

affects the way an organism responds to the environment

Molecular level

Transcription and translation produce proteins

Cellular level

proteins function within the structures of the cell

organism level

traits seen in the organism level arise from molecular and cellular properties

population level

species traits selected based on survival and reproduction

Morphs

contrasting forms within a single species

Ways genetic variation can occur

-gene mutations

-changes in chromosome structure (parts being lost/rearranged)

-changes in chromosome number

Norm of reaction

Interaction between genes and the environment (Ex:diet and PKU)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A condition caused by the inheritance of two poor copies of a gene needed to metabolize phenyalanine

Escherichia coli

bacterium

saccharomyces cerevisiae

yeast

drosophila melanogaster

fruit fly

caenorhabditis elegans

nematode

mus musculus

mouse

arabidopsis thaliana

a plant

Molecular genetics

focuses on underlying gene expression (studies DNA, RNA, Protiens)

Population genetics

Genetic composition of populations and how they change over time (allele frequences)

Transmission genetics

examines how traits are passed from parent to offspring

Hypothesis testing

scientific method

used to validate or invalidate a hypothesis

Discovery-based science

collecting data w/o a preconceived hypothesis