Family Relationships and Adolescent Development

200 flashcards created to aid in understanding changes in family relationships and adolescent development.

What are common issues adolescents and parents typically fight about?

Conflicts usually focus on mundane issues such as curfews, leisure activities, clothing, and cleanliness.

What is the peak time for dramatic changes in the relationships between boys and their families?

Around ages 13 to 14.

What is the peak period for girls experiencing dramatic changes in family relationships?

Ages 11 or 12.

What is family systems theory?

It suggests that relationships in families change most dramatically when individual members or family circumstances are changing.

How do adolescents usually perceive their conflicts with parents?

Adolescents rarely rebel against their parents for the sake of rebelling.

What do conflicts during early adolescence primarily revolve around?

Conflicts mainly center on authority and control.

How does midlife affect parents of adolescents?

Parents may feel concern about their bodies, attractiveness, and limits to personal change.

What is the 'sandwich generation'?

Parents who are caring for both their children and aging parents.

What does familism emphasize?

An orientation prioritizing family needs over individual needs.

What is generational dissonance?

The divergence of views between adolescents and their immigrant parents.

How does puberty affect family dynamics?

It throws the family system out of balance, leading to diminished closeness.

What are the differences between family relations of sons and daughters?

Differences are minimal with similar degrees of closeness and rule types.

What are the consequences of harsh parenting?

Harsh discipline can increase behavior problems in adolescents.

What are Diana Baumrind's two critical aspects of parenting?

Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness.

What characterizes authoritative parenting?

Warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline.

What psychological outcomes are associated with authoritative parenting?

More psychological maturity, responsibility, and social skills in children.

How does parenting style affect adolescent behavior?

Children raised in different parenting styles exhibit varying levels of maturity and responsibility.

What factors influence sibling relationships during adolescence?

Quality of family relationships and individual temperaments.

How do environmental influences affect genetic predispositions in adolescents?

Both shared and nonshared environmental influences can alter the effects of genetic predispositions.

What is the diathesis-stress model?

It suggests that psychological issues arise from the interaction of preexisting conditions and environmental stress.

Why might siblings differ significantly despite shared parental genetics?

Different treatments by parents, distinct perceptions of family dynamics, and the timing of family experiences.

What are the long-term effects of parental divorce on adolescents?

Adjustment issues can last into their 30s, with potential problems emerging later.

How does economic stress impact parenting?

It can lead to increased parental conflict, emotional distress, and diminished involvement.

What is the overall effect of financial strain on adolescents?

Increased risk for various problems including anxiety, depression, and academic issues.

What is the relationship between poverty and adolescent development?

Poverty affects mental health and parental effectiveness, leading to detrimental outcomes for adolescents.

What percentage of children in the U.S. is born outside of marriage?

Sixty percent.

What is the impact of remarriage on adolescents?

Adolescents in stepfamilies often face more challenges adapting than their peers.

What is the effect of parental mental health on adolescents?

Poor mental health in parents can negatively affect interactions with their children.

What is the typical composition of adolescents' peer groups?

Peer groups are often composed of individuals of similar age and interest.

How do popularity dynamics change during adolescence?

Popularity can be based on sociometric or perceived popularity, with aggressive behavior sometimes leading to popularity.

What is relational aggression?

Aggressive acts intended to harm others through manipulation of relationships.

What are the consequences of being peer-rejected during adolescence?

Higher risk of depression, behavior problems, and academic difficulties.

What factors contribute to unpopularity in adolescents?

Aggression, social anxiety, shyness, and negative attribution bias.

How do peer groups affect delinquent behavior?

Affiliation with antisocial peers can increase the risk of delinquent behavior.

What role do parents play in adolescent socialization?

Parents influence adolescent friendships and behaviors through involvement and monitoring.

What is meant by 'cyberbullying'?

Bullying conducted over the internet or via cell phones, leading to emotional harm similar to traditional bullying.

What psychological effects can victims of bullying experience?

Low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and academic difficulties.

What are the implications for adolescents who are unhoused?

Increased risk of mental health problems, substance abuse, and engaging in risky behaviors.

What factors can buffer against the harmful consequences of peer rejection?

Having friends outside of school can provide support and increase self-esteem.

What is the significance of clique stability over time?

Cliques show moderate stability, becoming more stable in later high school.

How do factors like age and sex influence clique composition?

Cliques tend to form based on shared traits such as age, race, and sex.

What are the three types of unpopular adolescents?

Aggressive, withdrawn, and those displaying both traits.

What is a possible outcome of victimization in adolescents?

Development of behavioral and emotional problems.

What is the impact of relational aggression on girls?

Girls often utilize relational aggression, which can lead to social exclusion.

How does school dynamic affect bullying and victimization?

Schools with strong anti-bullying norms may reduce victimization rates.

What are some characteristics of adolescents in gangs?

They tend to be more isolated from family, facing more emotional issues.

What should programs targeting social skill improvement in unpopular teens focus on?

Combining behavioral and cognitive skills for better social interaction.

What is an example of a behavioral intervention that may backfire?

Excessive monitoring of adolescent friendships can lead to resentment.

Why might accidents or confrontations within school lead to relational aggression?

Social dynamics can result in pressure to conform to aggressive behaviors.

What distinguishes between sociometric and perceived popularity?

Sociometric popularity relates to being liked, while perceived popularity relates to status.

What findings have studies revealed regarding the stability of adolescent friendships?

Friendships tend to become more transient during early adolescence.

What can contribute to a child's aggressive behavior?

Poor parent-child relationships and negative social influences.

How can schools facilitate interventions against bullies and victims?

By incorporating peer support programs and promoting anti-bullying policies.

What role does belonging to a crowd play in adolescent identity formation?

Crowds provide the basis for identity and self-conception.

What are common elements in effective parenting across various cultures?

Involvement, adaptation, and consistent affection.

What is the concern regarding popularity among adolescents?

Being overly popular can lead to social pressures and aggressive behaviors.

What can contribute to adolescents experiencing adjustment challenges following divorce?

Vulnerability is higher among boys, younger children, and those lacking support.

What is a significant outcome of exposure to marital conflict?

Adolescents feel insecurity and blame stemming from their parents' conflicts.

What does the term 'sleeper effects' in the context of divorce refer to?

Issues that may surface later in life as a result of early family changes.

How does the economic status of parents influence their adolescents?

Financial strain can undermine parental effectiveness and increase child problems.

What is the potential downside of children experiencing multiple household changes?

Increased adjustment difficulties and declining mental health.

What can help reduce the impact of poverty on adolescents?

Adequate social support and strong community ties.

What is the difference between a stepfamily and a traditional family?

Stepfamilies include a stepparent and typically face unique adjustment issues.

What age is often cited before which children are more adversely affected by divorce?

Younger children tend to suffer more from immediate divorce impacts.

What role do peers play in the emotional health of adolescents?

Strong peer connections correlate with better emotional and social outcomes.

How do different family structures influence adolescent development?

Family structures such as single-parent or stepparent households can greatly affect development.

What aspect of adolescents’ lives does peer acceptance primarily influence?

Self-esteem and overall social competence.

How do external factors impact parenting styles across cultures?

Cultural expectations and resources can shape how parents interact with children.

Which group experiences the highest rates of bullying in schools?

Students from minority and economically disadvantaged backgrounds.

What impacts the nature of parental relationships after divorce?

The quality of the relationship between the divorced parents greatly affects children.

What are key indicators of successful adjustment for adolescents in remarriages?

Positive relationships with both custodial and non-custodial parents.

Why is the relationship with noncustodial parents important?

It significantly impacts adjustment for children after parental separation.

What effect does emotional neglect have on adolescents?

It can lead to difficulties in emotional regulation and relationship building.

How can society better support adolescents facing family restructuring?

By providing resources and systems that facilitate healthy family dynamics.

Why is monitoring important for adolescents?

It helps in guiding behaviors without stifling their independence.

What can contribute to an adolescent's social isolation?

Peer rejection and a lack of close relationships can lead to feelings of loneliness.

What is the significance of cultural context in understanding peer relationships?

Cultural expectations can shape the dynamics of peer relationships, including aggression.

In what ways do adolescents' needs change as they grow?

Their social requirements, emotional dependencies, and expectations shift with maturity.

What is the impact of socioeconomic status on adolescents' peer dynamics?

Socioeconomic disparities can affect the formation and maintenance of peer relationships.

What can be a protective factor for adolescents against bullying?

Having supportive relationships with family or non-peer adults.

What are the potential outcomes of children growing up in a single-parent home?

Increased risk for emotional and behavioral challenges.

How do cultural differences inform parenting practices?

Variances in cultural norms lead to different parenting styles and expectations.

What are some common developmental challenges faced by adolescents without stable housing?

Increased risk for mental health issues, substance abuse, and school dropout.

What aspect of peer relationships is influenced by access to resources?

Availability of social and community support systems affects peer interactions.

How do challenges in adolescence affect future outcomes?

Adverse experiences during adolescence can lead to long-term emotional and social difficulties.

What strategies can schools implement to enhance peer cohesion?

Programs promoting inclusivity and shared activities can enhance relationships.

What are peer norms?

The informal guidelines that dictate behavior within a peer group.

What is the importance of peer acceptance in adolescence?

Acceptance can greatly influence self-esteem and emotional well-being.

How do online friendships differ from traditional friendships?

Online friendships often have less age segregation.

What can be an effect of gang affiliation on adolescents?

Higher rates of behavioral problems and emotional distress.

Why is parental monitoring crucial during adolescence?

It helps guide adolescent choices and provides a buffer against negative influences.

How can gender roles impact peer relationships?

Gender norms often dictate interactions and social dynamics among peers.

Why is it important to consider economic factors when examining adolescent behavior?

Economic stress can lead to higher risks of delinquency and emotional issues.

What are some mental health implications for adolescents facing bullying?

Increased risk of depression, anxiety, and academic struggles.

What influences the formation of cliques and crowds?

Shared interests, traits, and social hierarchies.

What is the result of relational and physical aggression during adolescence?

Both can lead to negative social and psychological outcomes for individuals.

How does crowd membership affect self-identity in adolescents?

It significantly shapes self-perception and behavioral norms.

What can exacerbate the fallout from bullying for victims?

Isolation and lack of support from peers or adults.

How do schools play a role in shaping adolescent interactions?

They are microcosms of social dynamics, influencing peer relationships.

What development pattern is often seen in adolescents' social circles?

The transition from same-sex groups to more mixed interactions.