U.S. Demographics, Health Disparities, and Epidemiology in African Americans

What percentage of the U.S. population do African Americans represent as of 2023?

13.27%

What is the median household income of Black Americans compared to White Americans?

Almost 60% of that of Whites.

What are the leading causes of death for Black males in 2023?

1) Heart disease, 2) Cancer, 3) Accidents, 4) Stroke, 5) Assault, 6) Diabetes, 7)Chronic lower respiratory diseases, 8) Nephritis, 9) Hypertension, 10) Septicemia

10 states with the largest black populations in 2025

1) District of Columbia

2) Mississipi

3) Louisinana

4) Georgia

5) Maryland

6) Alabama

7) South Carolina

8) Delaware

9) North Carolina

10) Virginia

10 states with the largest Hispani populations

New Mexico

California

texas

arizona

nevada

florida

colorado

new jersey

new york

illinois

What are the leading causes of death for Black females in 2023?

1) Heart disease, 2) Cancer, 3) Stroke, 4) Accidents, 5) Diabetes, 6) Alzheimer's Disease, 7) Nephritis, 8) Chroni lower respiratory disease, 9) Hypertension, 10) Septicemia

top 10 leading causes of death in african americans in 2023

heart disease

cancer

unintentional injuries

covid

stroke

chronic lower repsiratory diseae

alzheimer's disease

diabetes

nephritis

chronic liver disease

Measures of socio-economic status by race

a higher % of whites than black complete high school

median houshold income of black is almost 60% that of whites

african americand have made an inrease in the numbe rof educational gains in the past 20 years

What is the disparity in health insurance coverage among different racial groups in New Jersey?

24.0% of Latinos, 9.0% of African Americans, and 4.0% of Whites lack health insurance.

What is the disparity in health insurance coverage among different racial groups in the U.S.

17.9% latinos, 11.4% African Americans, 6.8% whites, 18/7 American Indian/Alaska native

what % f NJ is uninsured

6

What are some factors contributing to health disparities among African Americans?

Quality of care, accessibility, utilization, and benefits derived from medical care

What does the term 'weathering' refer to in the context of health?

The cumulative impact of social, economic, and environmental stressors on health over time.

range of disparities

poverty

poor dietary habits

lack of minority providers

distrust of the healthcare system

chronic stress (systematic racism)

diminishing returns

weathering

what is epidemiology

study or branch of medicine that deals with the causes, distribution and control of diseases in a defined population

- cannot determine the prognosis of a disease in a particular patient

Uses of epidemiological principles

evaluate drug therapy

plan future health needs of the community

help to establish a diagnosis

fundamental assumptions for the control of diseases

1) Diseases do not occur by chance

2) diseases are not randomly distributed in the population

What is the epidemiological triangle?

A model that includes the host, agent, and environment to explain disease occurrence.

Bypass and Angioplasting patients in St. Francis

only 2% were black

What is the first step in conducting an epidemiological investigation?

Verification of the diagnosis.

What is prevalence in epidemiology?

The total number of current cases of a specified disease during a specified time period.

What are the criteria for epidemiological screening?

The natural history of the condition should be understood,

conditions must represent an important health problem

suitable screening tests must exist, and

accepted treatment should be available.

What is the significance of the Affordable Care Act of 2010?

It expanded Medicaid eligibility and aimed to reduce healthcare costs.

What is a major health issue that affects African Americans more than other groups?

Chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

What is the impact of socioeconomic status on health outcomes for African Americans?

Higher socioeconomic status is associated with better health outcomes, but disparities persist.

What is the role of genetics in health disparities?

Genetics can influence susceptibility to certain diseases, but social factors play a significant role.

What are some barriers to healthcare access for African Americans?

Lack of minority healthcare providers, distrust of the healthcare system, and chronic stress.

What is the mortality rate for Black men in the U.S. compared to other demographics?

Black men have the highest mortality rate among all demographics.

What is the significance of educational gains for African Americans in the past 20 years?

They have made progress, but disparities in health and socioeconomic status remain.

What is the relationship between poverty and health outcomes?

Poverty is linked to poorer health outcomes and increased mortality rates.

What are the implications of self-fulfilling prophecies in healthcare for minorities?

Perceptions of minorities as less motivated can lead to inadequate treatment and worse health outcomes.

What health conditions are African Americans disproportionately affected by?

Conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, and maternal mortality.

What is the importance of understanding the natural history of a health condition?

It helps in planning effective screening and treatment strategies.

What does 'diminishing returns of health' refer to?

The phenomenon where improvements in health outcomes are less significant for certain populations despite increased resources.

who has the highest rate of prostate cancer in the world

black men

example of diminishing return of health

infants born to black mothers with college degrees and presumable greater affluence have higher mortality rates than white women who have less than a high school diploma

- genetics

- lack of research

What is the role of healthcare quality in health disparities?

Quality of care can significantly impact health outcomes and disparities among different racial groups.

Medicare

>65

diabilities, end stage renal disease, blind, long-term care

not a lot of coverage

- medicare and medicaid do not reimburse health providers through intermediates

Mediciad

pregnant women and children up to age 6 with family income up to 205% of the poverty level

children under 19 are eligible with higher income up to 355% of federal poverty level

caretaker

Food is medicine

carrots - eyes

kidney beans - kidneys

tomatoes - heart

sweet potatoes - pancreas

walnuts - brain

avocados - uterus

ginger - stomach

citrus - breasts

brain damaging habits

no breakfast

overeating

smoking

high sugar consumption

air pollution

sleep deprivation

head covered while sleeping

working your brain during illness

lacking in stimulating thughts

taking rarely

liver damaging habits

sleeping too late and waking up too late

not urinating in the morning

too much eating

skipping breakfast

consuming too much medication

consuming unhealthy cooking oil

consuming too much preservatives, additives, food coloring, and artificial sweetener

5 steps to a health lifestyle

get active for an hour or more each day

choose water as a drink

eat more fruit and vegetables

turn off the tv or computer and get active

eat fewer snacks and select healthier alternatives