IMMUNOSERO HISTORY

variolation

The first recorded attempts to induce immunity deliberately were

performed by the Chinese and Turks in the fifteenth century. They

performed a technique called

1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation onthe native population and had the technique performed on her own children.

Edward Jenner

✓He was the first to notice a remarkable

relationship between exposure to cowpox

and immunity to smallpox, which was called

Cross Reactivity .

✓Unknowingly, He was the first to create a

vaccine, which was derived from the Latin

term“vaccaF– meaning cow.

Louis Pasteur

Father of immunology

Handwashing

✓He discovered that subsequent exposure to

an organism previously encountered will

have no effect to the host.

✓By these principles he develop the

technique of attenuation– the process by

which a pathogen is weakened, but still, has

the capability to induce an immune

response.

✓He also began the classic experiment at

Pouilly-le-Fort in 1881, which marked the

beginnings of Immunology as a discipline

✓He was also responsible for

creating attenuated vaccines for

Anthrax and Rabies

Emil von Behring

✓He discovered SERUM ANTITOXINS by

demonstrating that s erum from animals previously immunized to diphtheria could transfer the immune state to unimm unized animals.

✓It wasthe first insight that Humoral immunity

was possible because of antibodies.

Elie Metchnikoff

✓He was the first to observe Phagocytosis

and hypothesised that it was one component

of the body’s immune system.

✓This processwas later called Cell-

mediated immunity, and spawned a

debate on which theory was correct.

✓In 1903, an English physician named

Almoth Wright linked the two theories by

showing that the immune response involved

both cellular and humoral elements.

Robert Koch

✓He showed that the disease Tuberculosis was

fought by the body through cellular immunity.

Later, this specific immune response was called

Delayed Immunity or type IV Hypersensitivity

Paul Ehrlich

✓Through his Selective theory, he was able

to explain the origin and specificity of

antibodies.

Charles Richet

✓He discovered anaphylaxis, or hypersensitivity,

which is one adverse effect of imm unity

Jules Bordet

✓Discovered the Complement System, a

group of serumproteinsthat circulate in an

inactive state, which when activated, has the

capability of destroying membranes.

Karl Landsteiner

✓He demonstrated that Red Blood Cells have

antigens (A, B, O), which he called the ABO

Blodd group system.

Macfarlane Burnet

Peter Medawar

✓Discovered acquired immunologic

tolerance.

Gerald Edelman

Rodney Porter

✓They were the first ones to describe

the structure of antibodies .

Clemens Von Pirquet

He coined the term allergy.

Svante Arrhenius

✓He stated that Antigen-Antibody Reactions

are reversible.

Felix Haurowitz

✓He developed the Template or Instructive

theory of antibody diversity.

Rosalyn Yalow

✓She was the first to use Radioactive chemicals

as labels for immunologic techniques, which

became known as Radioimmunoassay .

George Snell

Together with his colleagues , they

discovered the Major Histocompatibility

Complex, the genesthat control the

expression of large groups of proteins.

Niels Jerne

✓Developed theories on the process of

immunoregulation. Both he and M. Burnet were

proponents for the Clonal Selection Theory of

Antibody Diversity .

Georges Koehler

Together with Cesar Millstein, developed

Monoclonal Antibodies.

G. Mancini

✓He developed the Endpoint Radial

Immunodiffusion test, the Mancini Test (Single

Diffusion, Double Dimension)

✓Together with E.M. Mckelvey, they develop

the Fahey-Mckelvey Radial Immunodiffusion

or the Kinetic Radial Immunodiffusion.

Susumu Tonegawa

✓He was awarded the Nobel Prize

for his 1978 discovery of the genetic

principles underlying the generation of

antibodies with different specificities.

Edward Donnall Thomas

Joseph Murray

✓Developed and performed the

first successful transplantations.

Peter Doherty

T ogether with Rolf Zinkernagel, recognized

the Role of major histocompatibility complex in

antigen recognition by Tcells.

Luc Montagnier

Robert Gallo

✓Both of the researches of

these men were focused on the

Human Immunodeficiencey

Virus (HIV).

Kary Mullis

✓Developed the technique PCR (Polymerase

Chain Reaction)

Ian Frazer

✓—— and his colleagues developed and

patented the basic technology behind the HPV

vaccine against cervical cancer; the second

cancer preventing vaccine, and the first vaccine

designed to prevent a cancer (Two are

marketed as Gardasil and Cervarix).

Rantz and Randall

Developed the Anti-Streptolysin O

Neitralization Test

C.B. Laurell

Developed the Rocket Technique for

immunoelectrophoresis

Robert Kaus

Discovered Precipitins

Miller and Gord (?)/

Bruce Glick

Role of Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius