ConChem: Soaps and Detergents Q3

2800 B.C in ancient Babylon

The first soap-like material was found in this place during the year _______ with inscriptions saying that fat was boiled with ashes (A soap-making method)

Egyptian Document

This described combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form soap-like material for treating skin diseases and for washing.

Mt. Sapo

In ancient Roman Legend, this is where soap got its name from, where animals were sacrificed. Melted animal fat or tallow and wod ashes mixed with clay soil via raining and are washed along Tiber River. Women use this clay mixture for washing.

Galen

This Greek Physician recommended soap for medicinal and cleansing purposes.

7th century

This year was when soap making was established in Europe.

Italy, Spain, and France

Early centers for soap manufacturing (raw mat. oils from olive trees.)

1791, Nicholas Leblanc

In this year, a person named _________ patented making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common salt. (Soda ash combined with fat to form soap.)

1800s, Ernest Solvay

In this year, a person named _________ invented ammonia process to make soda ash from common salt. It reduced cost of obtaining soda ash and increase quality and quantity for soap manufacturing.

1961, Germany

This was the year that the first synthetic detergent was created by the country ______ as response to WW1 soap ingredients shortage.

Natura(l?) Materials (animal fats or vegetable oils)

Raw materials of Soap

Synthetic Materials (hydrocarbon from petroleum or crude oil)

Raw Materials of Detergent

Alkali and fatty acid (Na or K salt of carboxylic or fatty acids)

Formation of soap.

Alkali and sulphuric acid (Na and K salt of benzene sulphoric acid or alkyl sulfate)

Formation of detergent

Not effective (scum formation)

Effectiveness in hard water of soap

Effective and no formation of scum

Effectiveness in hard water of detergent

Biodegradable and easily broken down by bacteria

Environmental impact of Soap

Non-Biodegradable and form thick foam that kills aquatic life.

Environmental impact of Detergent

Sodium palmitate and sodium stearate

Examples of soap

Deoxycholic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate

Examples of detergent.

Fatty acid from animal fats and vegetable oils, and alkali

Ingredients needed in making soap

Hydrocarbon chain

Hydrophobic (water-hating end), attracts oil and grease.

Carboxylic end

Hydrophilic (water-loving end.

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) or Caustic soda

Hard soap production (bath and bar soaps)

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) or caustic potash

soft soap production (Liquid hand soap)

Saponification and Hydrolysis

Process of making soap

Saponification

Involves heating of plant oils and animal fats reacting with liquid alkali - producinf soap, water and glycerine.

Hydrolysis

_____ of oils and fats in high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine - purification of fatty acids via neutralization and distillation using alkali can form soap and water.

Petrichemicals (Petroleum) and oleochemicals (Fats and oils), other chemicals like sulfr, trioxide, sulfuric acidd, or ethylene oxide, and lastly alkali.

Ingredients in making detergents

Petrochemicals (petroleum) and oleochemicals (oils and fats)

Source of hydrocarbon chain, the hydrophobic end of detergent - attracted to grease and oils.

Other chemicals like sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, or ethylene oxide.

Source of hydrophylic end of detergent.

Alkali

Sodium or potassium hydroxide

Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid

These two reacts with hydrocarbon from petrochemicals or oleochemicals producing new acids. New acid will react with alkali to produce anionic surfactant molecule.

new acid

Chemical + hydrocarbon:

Anionic surfactant

New acid + Alkali

Nonionic Surfactant

Conversion of hydrocarbon chain to fatty alcohol reacting to ethylene oxide produces?

Anionic Sufactant

Nonionic Surfactant reacts to sulfur - containing acids to form?

Chemical Energy

Provided by soap and detergent. Hydrophylic end mixed up with water and hydrophobic end removes soil's grease and oils.

Thermal energy

Change in water temp. (warm or hot water help dissolve the grease and oil of the soil.)

Mechanical energy

machine, hand rubbing, and other agitation help pull the soil free.

Surfance tension

Property of water. This slows down wetting of surface and inhibits the cleaning process.

Surfactants

Also known as surface-active agents. It lowers surface tension, enables wet surface quickly - soil can be loosened or removed, and emulsifies oil spills - keeping it dispersed and suspended.

Anionic

This surfactats properties are: Negative charge, excellent cleaning, high sudsing properties. Its examples being: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol, ethoxysulfates, soap.

Nonionic

This surfactants properties are: No charge, low sdsing, resistant to hard water, clean most soils properties. Its examples are: Alcohol ethoxylates.

Cationic

This surfactants properties are: Positive charge, disinfecting and sanitizing ingredient properties. Its examples are: Quatemary ammonium compounds.

Amphoteric or Zwitterionic

This surfactants properties are: Can be positive, negative or no charge depending on the water pH. It's properties are mid sudsing and stability. Examples are: Imidazolines and betaines.

Builders

It enhances the cleaning effectiveness of surfactants. Reduces water hardness, and supplies and maintains alkalinity.

Builders

These can either be done by: Sequestrian or chelation, precipitation, or ion exchange.

Sequestration or chelation

Holding hard materials is the solution (Complex phosphates & sodium citrate)

Precipitation

Forming an insoluble silicate (Sodium carbonate & Sodium silicate)

Ion exchange

Trading electrically charged particles (Sodium aluminosilicate or zeolite)