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3,500 B.C.E

Emergence of towns and city-states, cuneiform writing

• Marks the beginning of civilization in Mesopotamia.

• Cuneiform is one of the earliest writing systems, crucial for record-keeping and governance.

2,500-1,200 B.C.E.

Minoans and Mycenaeans (“Palace Cultures”)

• Minoans (Crete) and Mycenaeans (mainland Greece) were early influential civilizations in the Aegean.

• Their trade, art, and architecture influenced later Greek culture.

1,750 B.C.E

Hammurabi

• Babylonian king famous for Hammurabi’s Code, one of the earliest recorded legal codes.

• Established laws that reinforced social hierarchy and justice systems.

1,000 B.C.E

Reigns of David and Solomon; growth of Jerusalem

• Marks the height of Israelite power, with Jerusalem as a political and religious center.

750 B.C.E.

Homer’s Iliad; emergence of Greek city-states; Phoenician expansion

• Iliad became a foundational text for Greek identity and values.

• City-states (poleis) like Athens and Sparta began forming distinct political systems.

• Phoenicians expanded trade and spread the alphabet.

722 B.C.E.

Assyrians conquer Israel

• Marks the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel.

• Many Israelites were exiled, beginning the “Lost Tribes” narrative.The Assyrian Empire, known for its military prowess, invaded and subdued the northern kingdom, leading to significant demographic and cultural shifts.

586 B.C.E.

Babylonians conquer Judah

• Destruction of Solomon’s Temple; beginning of the Babylonian Exile for the Jews.

• A significant moment in Jewish history, shaping later religious thought.

500 B.C.E.

Jews return from exile, rebuild temple; Diaspora

• Allowed by the Persian King Cyrus, Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt the temple.

• The Diaspora (scattering of Jews outside Israel) began, influencing Jewish identity.

480-404 B.C.E

End of Persian Wars; Athenian “Classical” Age and Empire

• Greek city-states, led by Athens and Sparta, defeated Persia.

• Athens experienced a cultural golden age, excelling in democracy, philosophy, art, and drama.

300-50 B.C.E

1. The Hellenistic Era

• Following Alexander the Great’s conquests, Greek culture spread across the Mediterranean and Asia.

• Fusion of Greek and Eastern traditions influenced philosophy, science, and art.A period marked by the blending of Greek and Eastern cultures, leading to significant advancements in various fields.

Homer

Greek poet who wrote Iiliad and Odyssey

Achilles

Greek soldier who got shot in the heel, leading to his death. He was a central character in Homer's Iliad and known for his strength and bravery. During trojan war

Agamemnon

Leader of the Greek forces in the Trojan War, brother of Menelaus, and central character in Homer's Iliad.

Heinrich Schliemann

German archaeologist known for excavating ancient Troy, confirming its existence based on Homer's works.

Troy (Hisarlik)

Ancient city believed to be the setting of the Trojan War, located in modern-day Turkey. Excavated by Heinrich Schliemann, it provided evidence supporting the historical basis of Homer's Iliad.

Treasure of Priam

A collection of gold and artifacts discovered by Heinrich Schliemann at the site of ancient Troy, believed to belong to the Trojan king Priam.

Knossos

A significant archaeological site on the island of Crete, known for its advanced Minoan civilization and the legendary labyrinth associated with King Minos.

Minoans)

An ancient civilization that flourished on the island of Crete, known for its impressive palaces, advanced art, and trade networks.

Mycenae

An ancient Greek city known for its monumental architecture and as a center of the Mycenaean civilization, famous for the Lion Gate and its connection to Homer's epics.

Linear A/B

Scripts used by the Minoans and Mycenaeans for writing, with Linear A remaining undeciphered and Linear B being an early form of Greek.

Arête

A Greek term meaning "excellence" or "virtue," often associated with the fulfillment of purpose or function, especially in the context of moral and physical prowess.

Hubris

Excessive pride or self-confidence, often leading to downfall, especially in Greek tragedy.

— Polis

a city state in ancient greece

Hoplite

A greek soldier who had a long spear and sheild

Phalanx

A formation hoplites formed during battle that was hard to penatrate

Sappho

An ancient greek peot that was known for her love poems

Acropolis

a high city in ancient greece, the city center

Agorà

The public market in anciet greece

Eupatrids

The noble class in ancient Athens, known for their wealth and political influence.

— Archons

noble class in ancient Athens, eligible to hold public office.

— Herodotus

An ancient Greek historian, often called the 'Father of History' for his work 'Histories' that chronicles the Greco-Persian Wars.

Thucydides

an ancient Greek historian, known for his work "History of the Peloponnesian War," which offers a detailed account of the conflict between Athens and Sparta.

Socrates

an ancient Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, known for his Socratic method of questioning and dialogue.

Plato

an ancient Greek philosopher and student of Socrates, known for his works on ethics, politics, and metaphysics, including "The Republic."

Aristotle

an ancient Greek philosopher and student of Plato, known for his contributions to various fields including logic, metaphysics, ethics, and natural sciences. He founded the Lyceum and wrote extensively, influencing Western thought.