Material
matter that takes up space and resists changes to motion
Chemistry
study of material, its properties and changes
Submicroscopic
things we cannot see- atomic level (combusting is occurring - chemical bonds are being broken)
Macroscopic
things we can see with our senses (can see a flame and smell the burning)
Properties of matter depend on:
composition or kinds of elements AND on atom arrangement (H20 and H2O2)
Gas (unlike liquid and solids) are
able to be compressed
Gas has
no fixed volume OR shape
Gas particles move in a
chaotic movement spaced far apart
Liquid has
fixed volume but NOT fixed shape
Liquid particles are
closer together and slide past each other
Liquids and Solids are
NOT COMPRESSIBLE
Solids have
a fixed volume AND a fixed shape
Solid particles are
closer together and they vibrate in their individual places (submicroscopic)
A Pure substance can be composed of
elements or compounds
Elements are
one type of atom (can be found on the periodic table)
Elements cannot be
broken down
Elements are hard
to find naturally in the environment
Compounds are
composed of 2 or more atoms that are CHEMICALLY bonded together
Compounds have to
be in fixed proportions or ratios
A mixture is
a combination of 2 or more pure substances that ARE NOT chemically bonded together
Since mixtures are not chemically bonded
they are easier to separate
Mixtures...
... do not have to be in fixed proportions or ratios
A heterogeneous mixture
does NOT have the same composition, properties and appearance throughout
Examples of a heterogeneous mixture
sand, tile
A homogeneous mixture
are the same throughout, uniform
Another word for a homogeneous mixture is
solution
Examples of homogeneous mixture
gasoline, brass
Law of Definite Proportions
the fixed ratio of compounds (H20 two hydrogens for every oxygen)
Properties are what
allow you to recognize and distinguish one substance from another
Physical properties
can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance
Physical properties are typically viewed on the
macroscopic level
Examples of Physical Properties
color, odor, density, boiling point
An individual atom DOES NOT posses a
individual physical property. An individual atom does not have color or a boiling point.
Chemical properties are
the way that a substance may change or react to another substance.
An example of a chemical property is
flammability, the ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
A substance will have a changed chemical symbol when ________ properties are being tested.
Chemical
Intensive properties are
INdependent on the amount of substance present
Examples of intensive properties
density or boiling point (1 cup of water and 1 gallon of water both boil at 100*C)
Extensive properties are
dependent on the quantity (amount) of substance present
Examples of extensive properties
mass and volume (the more stuff you have the more mass or volume there will be)
Changes can be classified into two categories
physical and chemical
Physical Changes
change in appearance but not chemical composition
Examples of physical changes
Change in state (Gas-Liquid-Solid) and dissolving of salt (can evaporate water and salt is still there) chopping something up
Chemical Changes
change in chemical composition
How can you tell a chemical reaction occurred? (MUST KNOW)
All 5 are unexpected
Gas forms (bubbles)
Precipitate forms
Heat
Light
Color change
Examples of chemical changes
burning, rusting, fermenting (cheese, wine)
Chemical changes are also called
chemical reactions
Quantitative observations contain
a number and a unit (15.5 g)
Qualitative observations contain
a word description (the stick was very long)
Hypothesis is a
possible explanation for an observation
Personal and small in scope
hypothesis
Hypothesis are used to
plan future experiments
Hypothesis's and theories are
subject to revision
Hypothesis's can be
proven right or wrong
In short, a hypothesis is
a smaller idea and pre-experimental and attempts to answer why
Theory is
an overall explanation of certain phenomena
Theories need
considerable experimental evidence or observations to support it
A theory provides
background information for a hypothesis
A big general idea that is large in scope
theory
A hypothesis is tested
via experimentation
Theories cannot
be proven via experimentation
A theory can never be
proven correct absolutely correct but has not yet been proven wrong
Theories are used to
make predictions
Natural Law
is a statement that summarizes generally observed behavior.
Natural Law is NOT
an explanation of the facts.
Natural Laws are
supported by a large body of experimental results
Derived Units
consist of a combination of base units
1 cm^3 =
1 mL
1 dm^3
1 Liter
Density=
mass/volume
Precision measures
how closely individual measurements agree with one another.
To determine precision
you need to repeat the same test many times
Precision is an indicator of
random error
Random Error
is random and that an error in measurement has an equal chance of causing your result to be high or low
Accuracy measures
how closely individual measurements agree with the correct value
Giga (G)
1x10^9
Mega (M)
1x10^6
Kilo (k)
1x10^3
Deci (d)
1x10^-1
Centi (c)
1x10^-2
Milli (m)
1x10^-3
Micro (µ)
1x10^-6
Nano
1x10^-9
Unit for Mass
kilogram
kilogram abbreviation
kg
Unit for Length
Meter
Meter abbreviation
m
Unit for Time
Second
Second abbreviation
s
Unit for Temperature
Kelvin
Kelvin abbreviation
K (uppercase)
Unit for Amount of Substance
Mole
Mole abbreviation
mol
Unit for Electric Current
Ampere
Ampere abbreviation
A (uppercase)
Unit for Luminous Intensity
Candela
Candela abbreviation
cd