unit 5 ap world

What was the Enlightenment?

What was the Enlightenment?

It was an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, like rationalist and empiricist approaches to the natural and human world. If 14th c. scientists could figure out the natural world in the Scientific Revolution, then why couldn’t 18th century philosophers figure out the human world?

How did the Enlightenment challenge the status quo (the way things had been)?

• It challenged the role of religion in public life by questioning the authority of a higher power.

• There were new ways of thinking about the importance of the individual.

• People started to think that there were natural rights—or rights that all humans are born with.

• The concept of the Social Contract encouraged people to overthrow a tyrannical government.

• The belief in popular sovereignty meant that the power to rule should belong to the people.

• Democracy was a system where all people could participate in government.

• And liberalism was an ideology that emphasized protection of civil rights, representative government, protection of private property and free-market trade.

What was an effect of the Enlightenment that allowed more people to participate in government?

The expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) after the American Revolution. While only white land-owning males could vote, eventually more people were included before 1900. First all white males, then black males.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on women?

The feminist movement began with a call for women’s suffrage and equality. This can be seen in the work of French activist Olympe de Gouges, who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which criticized the new French Constitution for not including women’s rights.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on coerced labor?

The idea of natural rights and liberty led to the abolition of slavery in the Americas and serfdom in Russia.What is Nationalism?

What is Nationalism?

It can describe a sense of commonality among people based on things like a shared language, religious, social customs, etc. But it also includes a shared vision for the future, and the group is often defined by having a common enemy

How did leaders use nationalism?

Some used it to convince people to start a revolution to create their own country. Others added nationalist education into schools—glorifying the nation and military service—and used it to create a sense of unity and pride. An example is the Russian empire, which started to demand that the Russian language be spoken by all of the diverse peoples in its empire.

What is an example of the growing discontent with monarchist and imperial rule that isn’t part of the Atlantic Revolutions?

Muhammad Ali, the leader of the Ottoman state of Egypt, was frustrated with the corruption and internal conflicts of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, he acted independently and took steps towards industrialization on his own, opening textile and weapons factories

What caused the American Revolution to take place?

The twelve American colonies were unhappy with the way they were being ruled by Britain (discontent with monarchist and imperial rule).

How does the American document The Declaration of Independence show a connection to Enlightenment philosophy?

The Declaration discusses the social contract and popular sovereignty.

Social contract: The obligation to obey civil government under the social contract was conditional upon the protection of the natural rights of each person, including the right to private property

Popular sovereignty: the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy.

What were some effects of the American Revolution?

They set up a democratic-republic and became a model and inspiration for others to overthrow imperial and monarchist rule.

What French document do you need to be familiar with for your exam?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Written early in the Revolution, this document outlined the rights that all French men were to have once the revolution was complete. It also establishes a republican government and insists on transparency in government.)

What caused the Haitian Revolution to take place?

Haiti was a prosperous French colony. The ideas of the French Revolution became known there and, led by Toussaint Louverture, the enslaved population on the island rose up

What were some effects of the Haitian Revolution?

The enslaved Haitians defeated the French and created the second republic, but it was the first black government in the western hemisphere. It is considered the only truly successful large-scale slave rebellion in the world.

What were some of the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?

Spanish and Portuguese colonies throughout Central and South America were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and resented the increasing control by their imperial parents. In 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain and the king of Portugal was deposed it led to instability in the colonies and the revolutions began.

What was in the Letter from Jamaica by Simon Bolivar?

In it, Simon Bolivar wrote about his vision for Latin American Independence. He called on Latin Americans to unite in the cause for overthrowing Spanish colonial dominance.

What were some effects of the Latin American Revolutions?

Through many long wars, the colonies eventually won their independence and many formed republican governments.

What was the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?

This was another nationalist movement, but not a revolution. The Philippines were a Spanish colony. Many Filipinos studied Enlightenment ideas and nationalist frameworks in Europe and began publishing tons of pamphlets and books expressing a desire to be involved in the political process. Eventually it led to the Philippine Revolution near the end of the 19th c.

How are Italy and Germany good examples of calls for national unification?

Both were inspired by growing nationalism. They were both a collection of fragmented semi-independent states, but military leaders from each nation sought to unite them into two new states.

What seven environmental, political, and economic factors contributed to industrialization beginning?

1. Proximity to Waterways. Great Britain was an island with abundant rivers and canals that helped with efficient transportation of goods.

2. Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber. Great Britain and its territorial holdings had all the raw materials needed to fuel industrialization.

3. Access to foreign resources. The first industrialized industry was the textile industry. Great Britain had access to huge amounts of cotton from their colony in India.

4. Improved agricultural productivity. New technology and methods of farming increased the amount of food being grown which helped to support a growing population.

5. Urbanization. Lots of people were moving from the countryside to the cities looking for jobs in new factories.

6. Legal protections of private property. Laws were passed to protect entrepreneurs which led to people feeling safe to take risks and start new businesses.

7. Accumulation of capital. There was a lot of wealth due to the Atlantic Slave Trade and other colonial ventures, so people had the money to start a new business.

How did the way goods were made change with industrialization?

Industrial machines were put into large buildings called factories where goods could be mass-produced which made costs come down. Initially these factories were water-powered, but when the steam engine was made it enabled factories to be anywhere. Artisans no longer needed many skills to make a product from start to finish, so labor became increasingly specialized as workers only did one job repeatedly to make a single part of a product.

What helped some places to industrialize faster than others?

They had the seven factors mentioned before.

How did shares of global manufacturing shift during the first Industrial Revolution?

Industrialized states started producing and selling more goods than nonindustrialized places. Places like India and Egypt, which had long been known for textile production, saw their share of production decline as Britain’s went up

Describe the spread of industrialization in France.

France was slow to industrialize due to a lack of coal and iron deposits, as well as several major social upheavals. France’s government sponsored the construction of railroads and canals, which was also different from Britain.

Describe the spread of industrialization in the USA.

The US did not industrialize until the second half of the 19th century. Due to the Civil War, industrialization was rapid. The US had access to lots of natural resources and political stability. The US also had a growing population to make and buy more goods, which led to a higher standard of living for its workers than in other industrialized nations.

Describe the spread of industrialization in Russia.

Russia’s industrialization at the end of the 19th century was state-driven. They built a railroad to link their territory into an interdependent market. While they saw some progress, the lives of industrial workers were brutal and there were frequent uprisings

Describe the spread of industrialization in Japan.

Japan’s Meiji Restoration was a state-sponsored defensive industrialization. In a few decades Japan became one of the most powerful industrial states in the region.

What technology was featured in the first Industrial Revolution?

Most machines were powered with coal and steam using James Watt’s steam engine. This was used to power locomotives and steamships.

What technology was featured in the second Industrial Revolution?

Oil, distilled into gasoline, helped to fuel the new internal combustion engine. Additionally, electricity became popularly used (like in lightbulbs created by Thomas Edison). Soon there were electric streetcars, subways, and other forms of mass transit in major cities. For communication, the telegraph was used to send Morse Code long distances.

How did transportation technology change during the Industrial Revolution?

Phase One: There were a growing number of trains and tracks, as well as steamships. These linked distant parts of countries into the national economy and allowed workers to move more easily. Phase Two: Iron and steal ships led to increased maritime activity and eventually the creation of the Suez Canal.

How did building materials shift during the Industrial Revolution?

Phase One: Iron. Phase Two: Steel—thanks to the Bessemer process, easily converted iron into the stronger material steel.

What are some examples of the use of chemicals that took place in the second industrial revolution?

Synthetic dyes. Vulcanization, a process that made rubber harder and more durable.

What were two major impacts of new modes of transportation?

Development of the interior of cities and states with the connecting of far away territories with trains like the transcontinental railroad in the US and the trans-siberian rail road in Russia. And, increased migration to areas far from people’s homes to find work

How did Adam Smith’s ideas change the way economies functioned?

The earlier economic theory of mercantilism, which was the idea of a state-driven economy was largely replaced with Smith’s ideas about the free market and laissez-faire policies that encouraged the state to stay out of economy

What is a transnational business?

These were businesses where a company is established in one country but has large operations that it controls in other countries. The Dutch East India Company was a transnational business.

What is a good example of a transnational business that started c. 1750-1900.

The Unilever Corporation was a joint stock company owned by the British and Dutch that made household goods. They opened factories across the world using materials from colonial holdings in West Africa and the Belgian Congo.

What were some of the new practices in banking and finance that developed in this time?

The rise of the stock market allowed people to buy and trade shares of companies to try to make a profit. The creation of limited liability corporations protected the financial investments of its owner.

What were some of the economic benefits of the Industrial Era?

Industrialized societies saw a rise in the standard of living, and goods became cheaper because they were produced more efficiently. This increased access to goods

What are some examples of how industrialization impacted the working class?

Workers lived in tenements that were shabby—and diseases often spread through them rapidly. They worked long hours doing boring and dangerous work for very low pay.

What did the government do to address the situation of the working class in England?

Suffrage was expanded. Political parties were created that represented the interests of the working class (like the German Social Democratic Party). Laws were passed to restrict child labor. Public Schools were opened. The government built new infrastructure to deal with the growing population, and limited the number of hours people could work each day.

What were some ways that the working class attempted to help themselves?

They organized themselves into social societies that provided insurance for sickness, and hosted social events to create a sense of community. They created labor unions in order to use collective bargaining for better working conditions.

What was Marxism and how was it a response to the plight of the working class?

Karl Marx saw the suffering of the working class and the incredible wealth of the capitalists and developed a theory of Scientific Socialism. He claimed that the proletariat (working class) would rise up and overthrow the rich (bourgeoisie) to take over the means of production and create a classless society.

How did Qing China deal with a the changes brought about by industrialization?

In the late 19th century they started the SelfStrengthening Movement. They borrowed from the west while trying to maintain and revitalize traditional Chinese culture. Some progress was made but Chinese conservatives resisted these developments because they threatened the power of the landowning class. This halfhearted industrialization led to China’s loss in the SinoJapanese War (to the industrialized Japan).

How did the Ottoman Empire deal with the changes brought about by industrialization?

The Ottomans developed the Tanzimat Reforms. They built factories and railroads. They changed to a western-style law code and a constitutional government, but like China, the conservatives resisted and stopped the reforms. The sultan resumed rule as an absolute monarch.

How did industrialization change the social hierarchy in places that industrialized?

The bottom became the industrial working class, which was made up of factory workers and miners. The middle class included wealthy factory owners and white collar workers like doctors, lawyers, and teachers. This class benefitted the most from industrialization. Their improved quality of life allowed some at the top to buy their way into the aristocracy. At the top of the hierarchy were the industrialists who got rich by starting and owning large corporations. They often became more powerful than traditional landed elites.

How did the industrial revolution impact women?

Working class women worked low wage jobs like men, but could not sustain a family on their wages. Middle class women were expected to be stay home and be wives and mothers while their husbands earned a living

What challenges were related to rapid urbanization?

Housing shortages which led to tenements. Lack of infrastructure to deal with sanitation led to public health crises like outbreaks of cholera from contaminated water. The life expectancy dropped from 40 to 30. Crime rates rose which led to the creation of large jails.