Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 5: Protists

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60 Terms

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Kingdom Protista

composed of simple eukaryotic organisms; most are aquatic; exhibit remarkable diversity where sizes range from single cells to large multicellular organisms

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Chlamydomonas

unicellular, photosynthetic protist; a motile organism with two flagella and a cup-shaped chloroplast

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locomotion

the ability to move from place to place

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pushing out cytoplasmic extensions; flexing individual cells; waving cilia; lashing flagella

means of locomotion

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photosynthetically; heterotrophically

how protists obtain nutrients

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free-living

organism that does not depend on another for food or a place to live

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symbiotic relationships

close, prolonged associations between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but do not necessarily benefit the members.

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mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

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parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it

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termites

have a mutualistic relationship with intestinal protozoa in order to digest cellulose

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lichen

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (algae or cyanobacteria)

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phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species

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molecular data

evidence of phylogenetic relationships; for gene that codes for small subunit ribosomal RNA in different eukaryotes; for other nuclear genes (many of which code for proteins) in various protists

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rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function; used in classifying organisms in phylogenic analysis; faster replication

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nuclear genes

genes located on chromosomes found in the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells; preferred for phylogeny

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elevated evolution rate (sequence); biparental inheritance; multiple independent loci

reasons why nuclear genes are preferred for phylogeny

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loci

point on the chromosome where the gene is found

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ultrastructure

evidence of phylogenetic relationships; fine details of cell structure revealed by electron microscopy; often similar among protists that comparative molecular evidence suggests are monophyletic and evolved from a common ancestor

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monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

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Euglenoid (Euglenophyta)

mostly freshwater, flagellated, unicellular protist that moves by an anterior flagellum and is usually photosynthetic; Euglena sp.

<p>mostly freshwater, flagellated, unicellular protist that moves by an anterior flagellum and is usually photosynthetic; Euglena sp.</p>
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eyespot

A light-sensitive organelle that helps it react to light in certain protozoa

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Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta/Pyrrophyta)

unicellular, biflagellated, typically marine protist; usually photosynthetic; brown pigment fucoxanthin, and is an important component of plankton; causes red tides (HAB: Harmful Algal Bloom)

<p>unicellular, biflagellated, typically marine protist; usually photosynthetic; brown pigment fucoxanthin, and is an important component of plankton; causes red tides (HAB: Harmful Algal Bloom)</p>
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eutrophication

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen

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Pyrodinium bahamense

causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP); can lead to hypoxia; caused by high salinity + temperatures

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hypoxia

lack of oxygen

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Gymnodinium catenatum

causes Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP); caused by high salinity + temperatures

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fucoxanthin

a brown carotenoid pigment occurring in and generally characteristic of the brown algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates

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water mold (Oomycota)

a protist with a body consisting of a coenocytic mycelium and with asexual reproduction by motile zoospores and sexual reproduction by oospores

<p>a protist with a body consisting of a coenocytic mycelium and with asexual reproduction by motile zoospores and sexual reproduction by oospores</p>
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coenocytic

hyphae without septa

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mycelium

mass of hyphae

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diatom (Bacillariophyta)

usually a unicellular protist, covered by an ornate siliceous shell and containing the brown pigment fucoxanthin; important component of plankton in both marine and fresh water; used to make sandpaper

<p>usually a unicellular protist, covered by an ornate siliceous shell and containing the brown pigment fucoxanthin; important component of plankton in both marine and fresh water; used to make sandpaper</p>
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plankton

weak swimmers; carried by water current

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bioluminescence

the production of light by living organisms

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silica

component of diatom shell

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golden alga (Chrysophyta)

a protist that is biflagellated, unicellular, and photosynthetic, and contains the brown pigment fucoxanthin

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brown alga (Phaeophyta)

a predominantly marine; photosynthetic protist that is multicellular and contains the brown pigment fucoxanthin

<p>a predominantly marine; photosynthetic protist that is multicellular and contains the brown pigment fucoxanthin</p>
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Laminaria; Fucus; Ectocarpus; Sargassum (lusay)

brown algae

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blade; stipe; holdfast

parts of brown algae: leaf; stem; root

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Macrocystis pyrifera

giant kelp; multicellular brown algae; has gas-filled floaters which allows buoyancy

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red alga (Rhodophyta)

diverse group of photosynthetic protists that contain the pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

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Polysiphonia; Kappaphycus; Gracilaria; Bosiella

red alga

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phycocyanin

blue pigment

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phycoerythrin

red pigment

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green alga (Chlorophyta)

diverse group of protists that contain the same pigments as land plants (chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids)

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Micrasterias; Spirogyra; Volvox; Ulva (sea lettuce); Codium fragile (dead man's fingers); Chara (stonewort)

green alga

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Chara sp. (stonewort)

closely related to plants; distributed in fresh water

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chlorophyll alpha

the key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions

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chlorophyll beta

an accessory pigment

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carotenoids

an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants; by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

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isogamy; anisogamy; oogamy

reproduction in green algae

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isogamy

production of equal-sized gametes

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anisogamy

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

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oogamy

large non-motile egg, smaller motile sperm

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plasmodial slime mold (Myxomycota)

a protist whose feeding stage consists of a multinucleate, amoeboid plasmodium

<p>a protist whose feeding stage consists of a multinucleate, amoeboid plasmodium</p>
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Physarum polycephalum

plasmodial slime mold; bright yellow

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amoeboid

cell that moves and engulfs debris with pseudopods

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plasmodium

causes malaria

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conjugation

process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

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cellular slime mold

a protist whose feeding stage consists of a unicellular, amoeboid organism that aggregates to form a pseudoplasmodium during reproduction

<p>a protist whose feeding stage consists of a unicellular, amoeboid organism that aggregates to form a pseudoplasmodium during reproduction</p>
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pseudoplasmodium

a slightly motile aggregation of cells that produces fruiting bodies, which in turn produce spores