Microbiology and Pharmaceutical Analysis Final Coaching

Flashcards covering medical microbiology, infectious diseases, vectors, immunology, and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

An amateur scientist who observed "animalcules" in his single-lens microscope using his own semen.

Salvarsan

Also known as "Magic Bullet," Compound 606, or Arsphenamine; a drug developed by Paul Ehrlich to treat Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Known as the "savior of mothers" for his discovery that hand washing significantly reduced infections during childbirth.

Bacteria Cell Wall

The structural layer of bacteria primarily composed of peptidoglycan.

Lag Phase

The period of bacterial growth where newly inoculated cells are adapting to their new environment.

Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase

Enzymes that provide tolerance to lethal superoxide in facultative anaerobic bacteria when they are exposed to air.

Autoclave

A physical method of sterilization using pressurized steam at $121^{\circ}C$ and $15\,PSI$ for $15-20\,mins$, acting via coagulation.

Ethylene Oxide

A chemical gas chemosterilizer used for heat-sensitive materials that acts via alkylation.

Oligodynamic Activity

The antimicrobial effect of heavy metals, such as $1\%\,AgNO_3$, which bind to the sulfhydryl groups of bacteria.

Bacterial Charge

Bacteria are predominantly anionic, requiring the use of cationic or basic stains for visualization.

Negative Staining

A technique using India Ink or Nigrosin to visualize the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans.

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by decomposing organic matter in stream water; higher BOD indicates more rapid oxygen depletion.

Cryptosporidiosis

An infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum that typically results in diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients; treated with Nitazoxanide if the patient is HIV negative.

TORCHeS

A mnemonic for infections that can be passed from mother to fetus: Toxoplasmosis, Others (Varicella), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, and Syphilis.

Quarantine vs. Isolation

Quarantine is applicable for asymptomatic patients, whereas Isolation is used for symptomatic patients.

Hapten

An incomplete antigen that cannot elicit an immune response by itself but becomes immunogenic when coupled with a protein.

Monotrichous

A bacterial flagellar arrangement featuring a single flagellum at one end, often giving the bacteria a "comma shape."

Amphitrichous

A bacterial flagellar arrangement featuring flagella on both ends, often described as having a "gull wing shape."

Transposons

Genetic elements known as "jumping genes" that contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Catalase Test

A biochemical test used to distinguish Staphylococcus spp. (catalase positive) from Streptococcus spp. (catalase negative).

Staphylococcus aureus

A gram-positive coccus that produces heat-stable toxins, causing food poisoning within $2-6\,hours$ of ingestion.

Bacillus anthracis

A large, spore-forming gram-positive rod with a capsule composed of D-glutamic acid; the causative agent of Woolsorter's disease.

Clostridium botulinum

An anaerobic gram-positive bacillus that produces a toxin inhibiting Acetylcholine (Ach) release, leading to flaccid paralysis.

Clostridium tetani

A gram-positive rod with terminal spores (drumstick appearance) that produces Tetanospasmin, causing spastic paralysis and lockjaw.

Clostridium difficile

The causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis, often following chronic antibiotic use.

Actinomyces israelii

An anaerobic, non-acid fast organism that causes infections characterized by "sulfur granules."

ESKAPE Pathogens

A group of nosocomial pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A gram-negative, non-motile rod that produces large red mucoid colonies and "currant jelly" sputum.

Campylobacter jejuni

A gram-negative microaerophilic rod that resembles an "airplane wing" or "gull wing" and is grown on Skirrow's medium.

MDR-TB (Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis)

Tuberculosis infection resistant to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

Bactericidal Antibiotics (CCAMPQ)

Antibiotics that kill bacteria, including Co-trimoxazole, Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (Penicillin), Aminoglycosides, Metronidazole, Polymyxins, and Quinolones.

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics (Buy AT 30, CEL 50)

Antibiotics that retard growth, including Aminoglycosides (exception: cidal), Tetracyclines (30S), Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin/Macrolides, and Lincosamides (50S).

Gray Baby Syndrome

A condition caused by Chloramphenicol due to deficient glucuronidation in neonates.

Giardia lamblia

A flagellated protozoan with a "Trophozoite" form resembling an "Old Man's eyeglasses," associated with "Leningrad's Curse."

Proximate Analysis

A type of pharmaceutical analysis used to determine the total amount of a group of compounds, such as alkaloid or volatile oil content.

Systematic Error

Also called determinate error; it has a definite value or assignable cause and affects the accuracy of results.

Acidimetry

A volumetric analysis where a basic sample (titrand) is titrated with an acidic standard solution (titrant).

Constant Weight

In gravimetry, established when two consecutive weighings after heating and cooling do not differ by more than $0.5\,mg/g$ of the substance.

Beer-Lambert Law

Expresses that absorbance is directly proportional to molar absorptivity, path length, and concentration: $A = abc$.

Action Limit

A control chart limit that alerts the operator to immediately stop the process being performed.

Climatic Zone IVA

The climatic zone for the Philippines, defined as Hot and Humid with conditions of $30\pm 2^{\circ}C$ and $65\pm 5\%\,RH$.