ANFS251: Fats, Vitamins, Minerals

Lipid

organic compounds insoluble in water

Types of Lipids

s, oils, complex sterolsfa

Lipid Energy

concentrated, 2.25 times that of carbohydrates

Glycolipid Structure

carbohydrates and lipids

Lipoprotein Structure

proteins and lipids

Lipoprotein Function

constituents of cells, carry cholesterol in blood

Types of Lipoproteins

high density lipoproteins, low density lypoproteins

Phospholipid Structure

phosphorus and lipids

Phospholipid Function

part of cell membranes

Types of Sterols

vitamin D, cholesterol

Essential Fatty Acid Structure

fatty acids of different lengths, glycerol molecule

Fatty Acid

chains of carbons, 2-12

Saturated Fatty Acid

all single bonds in the carbon chain

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

one or more double bonds in the carbon chain

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

only one double bond in the fatty acid

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

more than one double bond in the fatty acid

Lipid Classification

physical consistency at room temperature

Oils

liquid at room temperature, short chains of fatty acids, unsaturated

Fats

solid at room temperature, saturated or longer chain fatty acids

Triglyceride

lipid made of three fatty acids

Characteristics of Triglyceride Determinants

saturated versus unsaturated, short chain versus long chain

Primary Site of Fat Digestion

small intestine, bile and lipse

Bile Function

emulsifies fats to increase the surface area for lipase

Lipase

enzyme that breaks down fats, produced by the pancreas

Lipase Function

hydrolyzes triglycerides to produce fatty acids and glycerol

Fatty Acid Absorption

complexed with bile and absorbed

Fat Metabolism in Tissues

transform back into triglycerides

Long Chain Fat Transportation

lymphatic system

Short Chain Fat Transportation

transported via blood

Lipid Type and Absorption

oil absorption is higher than fats

Fat Purpose Absorption

adequate fat needed for fat soluble vitamin absorption

Fat Function

used to synthesize compounds, stored as energy reserve

Fat Metabolism Products

CO2, H2O, heat, ATP

Ketosis

metabolic disease caused when the energy metabolizing process shuts down

Ketones

produced when energy metabolism shuts down

Ketosis Cause

metabolism of a lot of fats

Microbes and Fats

can saturate fatty acids, altering the structure

Protected Fat

ruminant feed ingredient to preserve the energy in feed, prevents energy loss to microbial fermentation

Feed Fat Percent

2-8%

Essential Fatty Acids

required but cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts

Essential Fatty Acid Examples

linoleic acid, linolenic acid

Linoleic Acid

C18:2, omega 6

Linolenic Acid

C18:3, omega 3

Essential Fatty Acid Function

part of lipid cell membranes and prostaglandins

Fat Deficiency

not widely seen except in poultry

Fat Feed Sources

high in fats through corn and soybean oils

Body Fat Deposits

reflect type and amount of dietary lipids

Result of Feeding Oils

less saturated, softer, lower melting point carcass fat

Feeding Ruminants Oils

minor changes in dietary fats don't have major effects

Vitamins

organic substances required in small amounts

Types of Vitamins

water soluble, fat soluble

Water Soluble Vitamins

b complex, c

Fat Soluble Vitamins

a, d, e, k

B Complex Vitamins

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12

Vitamin B1

thiamine

Vitamin B2

riboflavin

Vitamin B3

niacin

Vitamin B5

pantothenic acid

Vitamin B6

pyridoxine and pyridoxamine

Vitamin B12

cyanocobalamin

Water Soluble Vitamin Function

enzyme cofactors for reactions

Biotin Coenzyme and Reaction

biocytin, carboxylation

Cobalamin Coenzyme and Reaction

cobalamin, alkylation

Folic Acid Coenzyme and Reaction

tetrahydrofolate, 1C group transfer

Lipoic Acid Reaction

acyl transfer

Niacin Coenzyme and Reaction

nicotinamide, redox

Pantothenate Coenzyme and Reaction

coenzyme A, acyl transfer

Pyridoxine Coenzyme and Reaction

pyridoxal phosphate, amino transfer

Riboflavin Coenzyme and Reaction

flavin, redox

Thiamine Coenzyme and Reaction

thiamine pyrophosphate, aldehyde transfer

Vitamin A Function

vision and epithelial cells

Vitamin D Function

calcium absorption, bone deposition

Vitamin E Function

metabolic antioxidant

Vitamin K Function

normal blood clotting

Vitamin Storage Sites

mostly liver, some kidney, spleen

Vitamin Storage Structure

bound to specific proteins

Vitamin Storage Release

released to maintain constant levels

Vitamins in MIlk

important, colostrum is very high in vitamins

Vitamin Absorption

mainly in small intestine

Animal Vitamin Synthesized

B complex and vitamin K

Ruminant Vitamin Synthesis

in the rumen and large intestine, low or no dietary requirement

Monogastric Vitamin Synthesis

in the large intestine

Monogastric Vitamin Absorption

varies by vitamin and species

Water Soluble Vitamin Absorption

more efficient in upper intestine

Fat Soluble Vitamin Absorption

better with adequate dietary fat and bile

Vitamin Active Form

transformation must take place for vitamin activty

Ergosterol

vitamin D2 precursor, transformed in skin after UV light exposure

Carotenoid Pigments

from plants, converted to vitamin A in small intestine or liver

Vitamin Deficiency Symptoms

anorexia, reduced growth, dermatitis, weakness, incoordination

Vitamin A Deficiency Symptoms

blindness (night, color, or total)

Vitamin D Deficiency Symptoms

rickets and bone disorders

Vitamin K Deficiency Symptoms

tissue hemorrhages

Ruminant Vitamin Deficiency Concerns

vitamin A

Swine Vitamin Deficiency Concerns

riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), B12, choline, A, D< E

Poultry Vitamin Deficiency Concerns

watch all nutrients

Water Soluble Vitamin Transport

absorbed into blood and travel freely

Fat Soluble Vitamin Transport

absorbed into lymph then blood, travel with protein carriers

Water Soluble Vitamin Excretion and Toxicity

kidneys detect and remove, possibility of toxicity with supplements

Fat Soluble Vitamin Excretion and Toxicity

excess remains in fat storage, likely toxicity possibility

Minerals

solid crystalline inorganic components, cannot be decomposed or synthesized